1. Answers to WS 12.1, Pg 103 Natural Vegetation
Plants which are not planted by people but which have grown naturally by themselves.
Desert Vegetation
Grasslands
Forests
Tropical savannahs
Temperate grasslands
Tropical rainforest
Temperate deciduous forests
Temperate coniferous forests
Hot esert vegetation
Cold tundra vegetation

2. WS 12.1, Pg 104 b)i. Climate, particularly rainfall and temperature.
ii. Different types of natural vegetation are found in places that experience different climates. For example, forests are found in places that receive high rainfall, whereas grasslands are found in places that receive moderate rainfall. Desert vegetation, on the other hand, are found in places where rainfall are irregular and temperatures are extreme.

3. WS 12.2, Pg 106 For Page 105 answers, refer to TB
Layer
Characteristics
Reasons
Emergent
Trees in this layer are very tall and can reach a height of 40-50m.
Trees in the tropical rainforest grow to a great height as they compete for sunlight.
Canopy
Epiphytes grow on trees
This enables the epiphytes to receive more sunlight.
The interior of a tropical rainforest is cool, moist and and shady.
The canopy formed by the crowns of trees block out 70 to 100% of the sunlight.
Undergrowth
Plant growth is sparse.
The layer receives very litle sunlight.

4. WS 12.3, Pg 107
Sound
Produced by
Shrill noise
Cicadas
Chirping
Birds (eg Crimson Sunbird, Kingfisher)
Chatter
Monkey (eg Long-tailed Macaque)
2a) These roots are known as buttress roots. Trees that grow to great heights (above 30m) require buttress roots for support.
2b) One tree that has this type of roots is Seraya. The tree is very tall and has straight trunk, as well as huge buttress roots.
3a) Sketch
3b) Label

5. WS 12.3, Pg 107
3c) Yes. The drip tip allows excess water from the frequent rains to flow off the surface of the leaf quickly. / The leaves are broad so as to allow plants to absorb as much sunlight as possible, especially since there is competition for sunlight in the forest./ The broad leaf surface increases the rate of transpiration.
4) The forest interior is dark./ Trees make up the dominant type of natural vegetation. / There is a wide variety of plants.

6. WS 12.3, Pg 108
Epiphyte
Bird Nest Fern
Climber
Liana
Tee
Meranti
6) There is a very little sunlight in the rainforest because of the tightly interlocking crowns of trees which intercept much of the sunlight.
7) The undergrowth is spars / The forest floor is damp.
8) Hornbills, sambar deer.
9) It was established in 1883 and it covers an area of 164ha
10) They are part of our natural heritage. / The rainforests are home to a wide variety of plants and animals. / The rainforests form part of our water catchment areas.
11) It is one of the only two rainforests in the world that is located within the city.

7. WS 12.6, Pg 115 1a) B is the hot desert vegetation.
A is the cold tundra vegetation.
1b) Desert B experiences a hot and dry climate.
The temperature can be as high as 48°C in the
day. Annual rainfall is less than 250mm.
1c) i) Roots: Q and R
ii) Roots Q spread out over a wide area in search of water. Roots R grow deep into the ground to tap groundwater. Both characteristics help the plants to adapt to the dry and hot desert conditions.