2. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS  List the main differences between living and non living things. CHARACTERISITICS OF LIVING THINGS NO. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS DESCRIPTION 1.They NEED FOOD All living things need food including human beings. 2.They MOVE Most animals move from one place to another. Plants do not move from place to place but they show growth movements. e.g. during the day, the flowers or leaves open but at night they close. 3.They GROW

3. NO. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS DESCRIPTION 4.They REPRODUCE All living things reproduce. 5. They RESPIRE to get energy RESPIRATION is a process where living things get energy from the food they eat. 6. They REMOVE WASTE from their body EXCRETION is a process of removing unwanted waste product from the body. 7. They RESPOND TO STIMULI All lining things have senses. Something which makes an organism respond is called a stimulus (singular: stimuli)

4. DIVERSITY AND CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS  Recognise that there is a variety of plants and animals which can be grouped on the basis of observable external characteristics. THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE COLD OR POLAR AREAHOT, DRY PLACES OR DESERTSIN THE SEA THE RAINFORESTMANGROVE SWAMPSTHE SEASHORE

5. DIVERSITY AND CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS  Classify an assortment of objects based on observable features e.g. colour, shape, size, smell as an introduction to classification skill. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANTS AND ANIMALS 1. Animals do not make their own food but plants do. 2. Animals can move easily but plants cannot move from place to place. 3. Animals respond to stimuli quickly while most plants respond slowly.

6. DIVERSITY AND CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS  Classify plants according to common observable characteristics i.e. algae, fern, seed plants (flowering and non-flowering plants). CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS Example: Sunflower Angsana Flame of the forest Example: Pines Firs cycads  Live mainly in water  Most are green but some are red or brown  Have no roots, stems or leaves  Live on land in moist and shady places  Have roots, thick stems and green leaves  The stems are underground WITHOUT SEEDS WITH SEEDS FLOWERING NON-FLOWERING ALGAE FERNS PLANTS

7. DIVERSITY AND CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS  Classify animals according to common observable characteristics i.e. animals without backbones (worm, molluscs, arthropods), animals with backbones (fishes, reptiles, mammals, amphibians and birds). CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS Have BACKBONES. Backbone together with other bones form the INTERNAL skeleton called ENDOSKELETON. Endoskeleton gives shape to the animal’s body. Backbone helps to support the body weight. Have EXTERNAL shell called EXOSKELETON. Exoskeleton support and give shape to their bodies. VERTEBRATESINVERTEBRATES ANIMALS

8. CLASSIFICATION OF VERTEBRATES  Live in water  Have skin which is covered with scales  Have fins for swimming and for balance  Lay eggs in water  Breathe through gills  Cold blooded  Adults live on land and in water. Their young live in water  Have moist skin  Lay eggs without shell  Adults breathe through the lungs and the skin. Young amphibians breathe through gills  Cold blooded  Live on land (some spend time in water)  Lay eggs with leathery shells  Breathe through lungs  Cold blooded  Have feathers  Lay eggs with hard shells  Have beaks  Warm blooded  Have hair or fur  The young are born alive  The females have mammary glands that produce milk to feed the young  Have external ears  Warm blooded AMPHIBIANS REPTILESBIRDSMAMMALSFISH VERTEBRATES

9. CLASSIFICATION OF INVERTEBRATES  Have shells  Have soft bodies and a muscular foot  Have tentacles  Body is divided into segments (parts)  There are bristles on the segments  3 pairs of legs  4 pairs of legs  Many legs MOLLUSCS ANNELIDS ARTHROPODS INSECTS ARACHNIDS CRUSTACEANS MYRIAPODS INVERTEBRATES  Bodies usually have three parts: the head, thorax and the abdomen  Have a hard exo-skeleton

10. DIVERSITY AND CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS  Construct a simple classification key and use it to identify organisms. MAKING AND USING KEYS Identify the animals: 1)Have feathers and can swim: 2)Have no feathers: 3)No feathers but have legs: 4)Have feathers but cannot swim: 5)No feathers: 6)No feathers and no legs:

11. DIVERSITY AND CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS  Show an awareness of the existence of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria and viruses which are not classified as either plants or animals. NEITHER PLANTS NOR ANIMALS ORGANISMCHARACTERISTICSBENEFITSHARM FUNGI (singular: fungus) Examples: mushrooms, bread mould, yeast cells. Have no roots, stems or leaves Made up of fine threads Some feed on dead matter and others feed on living plants and animals Yeast is used in making bread  Mould which grow on moist food spoils the food and hence the food cannot be eaten.  Cause body infections such as ringworm, athlete’s foot and mouth infections BACTERIA (singular: bacterium) Have one cell only Very small Can only be seen using the light microscope Bacteria in the soil break down (decompose) dead plants and animals. Plants absorb the compounds formed and use them for growth  Cause diseases such as tuberculosis, cholera, tetanus, meningitis VIRUSES Extremely small Can only be seen using an electron microscope  Cause diseases such as the common cold, influenza, measles and AIDS