1. A standard solution has known molarity. A primary standard is made by weighing a pure solid and diluting in a volumetric flask. A secondary standard requires a titration to calibrate its concentration. It was made using an acid or base with suspect purity. Not suitableExampleReason Arrhenius basesNaOHHydroscopic Strong acidsHClvolatile liquids or gases Suitable solid bronsted basesNa 2 CO 3 pure solid solid weak acidsH 2 C 2 O 4 pure solid

2. Primary StandardSecondary Standard H 2 C 2 O 4(s) HCl (g) C 6 H 5 COOH (s) Na 2 CO 3(s) H 2 SO 4(l) KC 6 H 5 COO (s) NH 3(g) NaOH (s)

3. Primary StandardSecondary Standard H 2 C 2 O 4(s) HCl (g) C 6 H 5 COOH (s) Na 2 CO 3(s) H 2 SO 4(l) KC 6 H 5 COO (s) NH 3(g) NaOH (s)

4. Primary StandardSecondary Standard H 2 C 2 O 4(s) HCl (g) C 6 H 5 COOH (s) Na 2 CO 3(s) H 2 SO 4(l) KC 6 H 5 COO (s) NH 3(g) NaOH (s)

5. Primary StandardSecondary Standard H 2 C 2 O 4(s) HCl (g) C 6 H 5 COOH (s) Na 2 CO 3(s) H 2 SO 4(l) KC 6 H 5 COO (s) NH 3(g) NaOH (s)

6. Primary StandardSecondary Standard H 2 C 2 O 4(s) HCl (g) C 6 H 5 COOH (s) Na 2 CO 3(s) H 2 SO 4(l) KC 6 H 5 COO (s) NH 3(g) NaOH (s)

7. Primary StandardSecondary Standard H 2 C 2 O 4(s) HCl (g) C 6 H 5 COOH (s) Na 2 CO 3(s) H 2 SO 4(l) KC 6 H 5 COO (s) NH 3(g) NaOH (s)

8. Primary StandardSecondary Standard H 2 C 2 O 4(s) HCl (g) C 6 H 5 COOH (s) Na 2 CO 3(s) H 2 SO 4(l) KC 6 H 5 COO (s) NH 3(g) NaOH (s)

9. Primary StandardSecondary Standard H 2 C 2 O 4(s) HCl (g) C 6 H 5 COOH (s) Na 2 CO 3(s) H 2 SO 4(l) KC 6 H 5 COO (s) NH 3(g) NaOH (s)

10. Primary StandardSecondary Standard H 2 C 2 O 4(s) HCl (g) C 6 H 5 COOH (s) Na 2 CO 3(s) H 2 SO 4(l) KC 6 H 5 COO (s) NH 3(g) NaOH (s)

11. Primary StandardSecondary Standard H 2 C 2 O 4(s) HCl (g) C 6 H 5 COOH (s) Na 2 CO 3(s) H 2 SO 4(l) KC 6 H 5 COO (s) NH 3(g) NaOH (s)

12. Primary StandardSecondary Standard H 2 C 2 O 4(s) HCl (g) C 6 H 5 COOH (s) Na 2 CO 3(s) H 2 SO 4(l) KC 6 H 5 COO (s) NH 3(g) NaOH (s)

13. Primary StandardSecondary Standard H 2 C 2 O 4(s) HCl (g) C 6 H 5 COOH (s) Na 2 CO 3(s) H 2 SO 4(l) KC 6 H 5 COO (s) NH 3(g) NaOH (s)

14. Primary StandardSecondary Standard H 2 C 2 O 4(s) HCl (g) C 6 H 5 COOH (s) Na 2 CO 3(s) H 2 SO 4(l) KC 6 H 5 COO (s) NH 3(g) NaOH (s)

15. Primary StandardSecondary Standard H 2 C 2 O 4(s) HCl (g) C 6 H 5 COOH (s) Na 2 CO 3(s) H 2 SO 4(l) KC 6 H 5 COO (s) NH 3(g) NaOH (s)

16. Primary StandardSecondary Standard H 2 C 2 O 4(s) HCl (g) C 6 H 5 COOH (s) Na 2 CO 3(s) H 2 SO 4(l) KC 6 H 5 COO (s) NH 3(g) NaOH (s)

17. Primary StandardSecondary Standard H 2 C 2 O 4(s) HCl (g) C 6 H 5 COOH (s) Na 2 CO 3(s) H 2 SO 4(l) KC 6 H 5 COO (s) NH 3(g) NaOH (s)

18. Primary StandardSecondary Standard H 2 C 2 O 4(s) HCl (g) C 6 H 5 COOH (s) Na 2 CO 3(s) H 2 SO 4(l) KC 6 H 5 COO (s) NH 3(g) NaOH (s)

19. Preparing a Primary Standard 1.Calculate the mass of H 2 C 2 O 4. 2H 2 O require to prepare 100.0 mL of 0.1000 M standard solution. 0.1000 L

20. Preparing a Primary Standard 1.Calculate the mass of H 2 C 2 O 4. 2H 2 O require to prepare 100.0 mL of 0.100 M standard solution. 0.1000 L x 0.1000 mole 1 L

21. Preparing a Primary Standard 1.Calculate the mass of H 2 C 2 O 4. 2H 2 O require to prepare 100.0 mL of 0.100 M standard solution. 0.1000 L x 0.1000 mole x 126.06 g 1 L 1 mole

22. Preparing a Primary Standard 1.Calculate the mass of H 2 C 2 O 4. 2H 2 O require to prepare 100.0 mL of 0.100 M standard solution. 0.1000 L x 0.1000 mole x 126.06 g =1.261 g 1 L 1 mole

23. Titration Calculation 2.6.50 mL of 0.100 M H 2 C 2 O 4 is required to neutralize 10.0 mL of NaOH solution in a titration. Calculate the base concentration. 1H 2 C 2 O 4 +2NaOH  Na 2 C 2 O 4 + 2H 2 O 0.00650 L0.0100 L 0.100 M? M [NaOH] = 0.00650 L H 2 C 2 O 4 x 0.100 mole 1 L x 2 mole NaOH 1 mole H 2 C 2 O 4 0.0100 L =0.130 M

24. Finish and hand in your report. Check your sig figs- should be 3. Make sure your work is perfect. Does all of your data have units? Make sure your unknown letter is recorded. Put away 10 pieces of glassware from the side of the room!