1. Topic 5
The Early Republic
Pages

2. Lesson 1- Washington’s Presidency Pages 161-172
Vocabulary words to know
Inauguration
Precedent
Cabinet
Bond
Tariff
Speculator
neutral

3. The Constitution of the United States
How Did Washington Shape the American Presidency? 1. What document provided the framework for the new government of the United States but did not explain how the President should govern from day to day?
The Constitution of the United States

4. Washington also chose not to run for a third term.
2. The text argues that George Washington set several important precedents, or examples, as the first President of the United States. Identify two important decisions he made.
Washington decided to form a Cabinet to help him govern because the Constitution did not provide those details.
Washington also chose not to run for a third term.
Side Note: There were no political parties at this time.
Congress
3. Who was in charge of establishing the first federal court system?

5. Madison believed it would unfairly reward speculators.
How Did Alexander Hamilton Deal With the National Debt? 4. Why did Alexander Hamilton support debt repayment? Why did James Madison oppose it? Explain the arguments on both sides.
Hamilton believed that the debt repayment would ensure a stable economy
Madison believed it would unfairly reward speculators.
Hamilton felt that making good on our nations debts would ensure that the country could borrow again in the future.

6. How Did Hamilton Create a Stable Economy. 5
How Did Hamilton Create a Stable Economy? 5. Why did the North and the South disagree on the issue of having a protective tariff, or tax, on imported goods?
Hamilton and the factory owners in the North wanted Congress to pass the tariff so more people would buy American goods. This high tariff would lower the price of the North’s manufactured goods.
The farmers in the South opposed a tariff because it meant their costs would be higher when they needed to buy imported foreign goods than if they would buy American-made goods.

7. It provided an important source of income for many people.
A New Tax Leads to Rebellion 6. Why did the tax on whiskey anger many people?  
Whiskey was not just an alcoholic drink; it was an important way for farmers in the back country to ship corn and earn money.
It provided an important source of income for many people.
The tax would sharply reduce their income because they bought imported goods.

8. 7. How did President Washington respond to the Whiskey Rebellion?
Sent militia to Pennsylvania
Pardoned rebels

9. How Did Americans React to the French Revolution. 8
How Did Americans React to the French Revolution? 8. Thomas Jefferson left Washington’s Cabinet after the Neutrality Proclamation. How do you think Jefferson felt about the French Revolution and freedom in general?  
Thomas Jefferson felt strongly that the United States had a responsibility to help other countries gain independence.
Jefferson disagreed with America’s decision not to support France in the French Revolution.

10. Washington Defends Neutrality 9
Washington Defends Neutrality 9. In his Farewell Address, George Washington said that the United States should avoid foreign alliances. How might the French Revolution have influenced his views on this?    
The violence of the French Revolution and the conflict with Britain that followed it threatened to disrupt America’s trade relations and draw the United States into a costly conflict.
Washington did not believe that the new nation could afford such a conflict.

11. 10. How did Washington’s stance on neutrality in his Farewell Address affect American foreign policy even after he left office?
Washington’s advice guided American foreign policy for many years.

12. Lesson 2 – A Two-Party System Develops Pages 273-280
Vocabulary to know
Faction
Unconstitutional
Democratic Republicans
Federalists
Unify
Subsidize

13. 1. Were there official political parties while Washington was in office? Why or why not?
There were no political parties while Washington was president.
Washington was able to unify Americans with different political beliefs.

14. How Did Politics Divide Americans. 2
How Did Politics Divide Americans? 2. List two differences between the political ideals of Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson.
HAMILTON
JEFFERSON
Believed the wealthy and educated should control the government
Believed the government should represent ordinary people
Were members of Washington’s Cabinet
Favored Britain over France
Favored a strong central government
Favored a national bank
Favored France over Britain
Favored stronger state governments
Opposed a national bank
Helped write the Constitution
Supported business and trade
Supported agriculture and small farmers

15.  3. How did the early lives of Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson influence their political beliefs?
Hamilton grew up in poverty and worked hard to succeed.
This led to his belief that the wealthy deserved their money and power.
Jefferson came from a family of wealthy farmers, which led to his support of agriculture.

16. 4. Hamilton and Jefferson disagreed about how much power should be given to the federal government. Give an example from the text that demonstrates the importance of a strong or weak federal government.
Jefferson opposed the manufacturing economy for fear it would concentrate too much power to wealthy Americans and take power that the Constitution had given to the states.
Hamilton supported government subsidies of roads and canals because it would encourage commerce and growth.
Ex: A strong, decisive federal government helped stop the Whiskey Rebellion from getting out of control.

17. What Issues Divided Hamilton and Jefferson. 5
What Issues Divided Hamilton and Jefferson? 5. Why did Hamilton and Jefferson disagree over the creation of the Bank of the United States?  
Creating the national bank became an important issue because it gave more power to the federal government.
Jefferson believed it violated the Constitution to create a federal bank (too much power to the government and to wealthy investors), while Hamilton believed that a federal bank was necessary, and that the Constitution therefore allowed it.

18. They decided to organize supporters with their views.
Political Parties Take Shape - **Remember: There were no political parties during Washington’s presidency.** 6. Madison and Jefferson shared many of the same views. What did this cause them to do?
Merchants Small farmers Manufacturers Southern planters
They decided to organize supporters with their views.
7. Which group(s) tended to support the Federalists?
Alexander Hamilton

19. 8. What groups tended to support the Democratic Republicans? Why?
Small farmers and artisans supported Jefferson because he fought against power being concentrated in the hands of the wealthy.
With the President and Vice President belonging to different political parties, the outcome of the election increased political tensions.
9. How did choosing Washington’s successor cause political tensions to rise?
Thomas Jefferson

20. Lesson 3 – Presidents Adams and Jefferson
Vocabulary words to know Pages
Tribute
Sedition
Nullify
States’ rights
Laissez faire
Judicial Review
Expel
Constitute

21. Conflict With France 1. Explain the meaning of the following phrase in your own words: “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!”  
The Americans
were insulted when the French asked for a bribe in order to begin peace talks.
refused to pay the bribe, even if they did have the money to pay it.
were willing to spend money to defend their country but would not pay a bribe to another nation.

22. 2. Explain John Adams’s response to the threat of war with France.
Adams reacted calmly. He could have decided to go to war with France, or he could have tried to make peace.
He disliked the idea of American involvement with Europe and wanted to keep us of European affairs.
Instead, he chose to focus on the issue at hand and defend the American ships.

23. 3. Why did many Federalists criticize Adams for choosing not to go to war with France?
They hoped a war would weaken the Democratic Republicans.
They thought a war would force the nation to build up its military forces.

24. Jefferson warned the new laws violated these American liberties.
What Were the Alien and Sedition Acts? 4. What freedoms in the Constitution were threatened by the Alien and Sedition acts, according to opponents?
Freedom of speech and of the press
Jefferson warned the new laws violated these American liberties.
Albert Galatin opposed Federalists in their attempts to fund the fighting with France.

25. 5. Should states be able to nullify, or cancel, a law passed by the federal government? Explain why or why not.  
Possible Answers
States should be able to nullify federal laws in order to provide a check on the federal government’s power.
States should not be able to nullify federal laws because they have agreed to be subject to the federal government.

26. 6. How did Kentucky and Virginia challenge the Federal government in 1788 and 1789?
Kentucky and Virginia passed resolutions with the help of Jefferson and Madison.
These resolutions claimed that each state “has an equal right to judge for itself” whether a law is constitutional.
If a law is unconstitutional, it has the power to nullify that law within its borders.

27. Federalists lost the election of 1800
Why Was the Presidential Election of 1800 Important? 7. What events led to the decline of the Federalist Party?
Federalists lost the election of 1800
Alexander Hamilton was killed in a duel
Strong opposition to taxes for a possible war on France
Strong opposition to the Alien and Sedition acts

28. 8. How did the transition of power go when the Federalists lost the election of 1800?
The power was passed on peacefully from one party to another.
This still happens today.

29. Cut the size of the army and the navy
How Did President Jefferson Redefine Government? 9. Choose from the list the ways in which President Jefferson changed government.  
Cut the size of the army and the navy
Increased the number of national banks
Cut the federal budget
Repealed the whiskey tax

30. 10. Both the Federalists and the Democratic Republicans wanted to grow the United States economy. How were their methods different?
The federalists believed that trade and manufacturing would benefit from government support.
The Jefferson and the Democratic Republicans believed in a laissez-faire approach to government and the economy.
This laissez-faire approach had minimal government intervention.

31. Landmark Supreme Court Cases 11. Why was Marbury v
Landmark Supreme Court Cases 11. Why was Marbury v. Madison such an important decision? How did this decision affect the power of the different branches of government?
It established that the Supreme Court and the judiciary branch had the power to declare a law unconstitutional (judicial review).
The framers of the Constitution expected the courts to balance the powers of the President (Executive branch) and Congress (Legislative branch).
Jefferson argued that this decision upset the balance of power among the three branches of government and gave too much power and authority to the Supreme Court.

32. Lesson 4 – A changing Nation Pages 292-303
Vocabulary words to know
Expedition
Continental divide
Impressment
Embargo
Smuggling
Vital
Exceed

33. More and more farmers lived west of the Appalachian Mountains.
The Louisiana Purchase 1. Why was New Orleans so important to the United States in the early 1800s? Write or draw your answer.
More and more farmers lived west of the Appalachian Mountains.
The Mississippi River system allowed these farmers to transport produce from their farms.
Many of their goods passed down the Mississippi to New Orleans before being shipped across the Gulf of Mexico, around Florida, or up to ports on the Atlantic coast.

34. 2. Do you think the French believed that the Louisiana Territory was important land for their country? Explain your answer.
Since the French were willing to sell a large amount of land to the United States for a relatively cheap price, they probably didn’t think much of the Louisiana Territory.
They believed that Haiti and New Orleans were somewhat important, but once the Haitians declared their independence, the French gave up on an American empire.
In addition, they had debts to pay for wars in Europe.

35. 3. Did Jefferson believe he had the power to purchase Louisiana
3. Did Jefferson believe he had the power to purchase Louisiana? How did he decide whether he did or did not have the power?
He was not sure whether the President of the United States had the power to purchase Louisiana.
He always insisted that the government only had powers that were spelled out in the Constitution.
He reconsidered this after he reasoned that it allowed him to make treaties. Buying the Louisiana territory was part of a treaty.

36. 4. What is the most obvious way the Louisiana Purchase changed the United States?
The actual size of the nation almost doubled.

37. Sacagawea and her husband were able to translate for the explorers.
How Did Americans Explore These New Lands? 5. How did Sacagawea help Lewis and Clark on their expedition? Give examples from the text.
Sacagawea and her husband were able to translate for the explorers.
Sacagawea also introduced the explorers to her people, who provided food and horses to make the journey.

38. 6. What did the Mississippi, Missouri, Columbia, and Rio Grande rivers provide settlers in later years?
These rivers provided the settlers routes and great natural resources as they moved west.

39. 7. Identify the similarities and differences between the journeys of Lewis and Clark and of Pike.
Excited Americans
Both expeditions explored the West
Took a route that was located to the north and ended up in Oregon
Returned safely
Traveled through the Southwest
Captured by the Spanish

40. Challenges to American Shipping 8
Challenges to American Shipping 8. Summarize the main idea and the most important details of the text under the heading “Challenges to American Shipping.”
American ships faced many threats as they traded in Europe and Asia.
These threats included the Barbary pirates and ships that were captured as a result of tensions between Britain and France.

41. The British interfering with their ships infuriated Americans.
9. How did Americans feel about the British navy using impressment on their trading ships?
The British interfering with their ships infuriated Americans.
Americans called for war.
Jefferson sought a new foreign policy called the Embargo Act to avoid war.
10. Why did Washington seek a new foreign policy?

42. A Ban on Trade 11. Identify an advantage of the Embargo Act of 1807.
Americans could not get molasses, tea, sugar, or other important imports.
Britain and France were punished for their aggressive actions.
Americans could not sell tobacco or cotton overseas.
Exports dropped by $80 million in one year.

43. Lesson 5 – Madison and the War of 1812 Pages 304-315
Vocabulary words to know
Confederation
War Hawks
Nationalism
Decisive
Commerce

44. What Caused Conflict in Ohio. 1
What Caused Conflict in Ohio? 1. The United States government made many small treaties with different American Indian nations. How did this weaken the American Indians?
Because the United States dealt separately with individual tribes or groups, American Indians were not able to easily unite against the settlers and kept losing land.

45. 2. What made Tecumseh and the Prophet good leaders?
The Prophet spoke about rejecting the ways of white people - an idea that appealed to many American Indians.
Tecumseh was a strong leader who was able to organize many tribes.
Even his enemies admired him.

46. What Were the Causes of the War of 1812. 3
What Were the Causes of the War of 1812? 3. Explain the reasons why the War Hawks wanted to go to war with Britain. Then summarize the drawbacks of declaring war on Britain.
Would have to pay taxes to support the war
Conquer territory in Canada and seize Florida
Protect settlers on the western frontier

47. Despite this, U.S. leaders won some surprising early victories.
Early Events in the War of Summarize the main ideas of the text under the heading “Early Events in the War of 1812” in your own words.  
Since Jefferson had cut the defense budget, the U.S. navy was not prepared to go to war with Britain.
Despite this, U.S. leaders won some surprising early victories.

48. How Did the War Affect Canada. 5
How Did the War Affect Canada? 5. Who is being described below—Isaac Brock or Oliver Perry?
British general; kept the Americans out of Canada; clever; bluffed to make the Americans think they were outnumbered. 
American captain; gained control of Lake Erie; acted heroically; kept fighting after his ship went down.  
Isaac Brock 
Oliver Perry

49. The End of the War 6. How do you think Nathaniel Shaler viewed African American soldiers, based on the quote in the section “The End of the War”?
He seems to have admired them and been impressed with their willingness to die for the cause.
mple answers:
Mistake Example: It was a mistake, since it did not accomplish any of the goals that its supporters set forth.
Success Example: It brought the nation together and solidified the country’s independence.
What Were the Consequences of the War of 1812? 7. Was the War of 1812 a mistake? Why or why not?

50. Lesson 6 - Monroe’s Presidency and Everyday Life Pages 317-328
Vocabulary words to know
Sectionalism
American System
Interstate commerce
Monroe Doctrine
Intervention
Advocate
Regulate

51. How Did Sectionalism Affect the Early Republic. 1
How Did Sectionalism Affect the Early Republic? 1. Identify similarities and differences among the three major leaders after the War of 1812: John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster, and Henry Clay. Include information about the regions they represented, their personalities, and their political views.
Supported a strong federal government
Supported slavery and the War of 1812
“Gallant Harry of the West”
Opposed slavery and the War of 1812
Supported an active federal government
Opposed a strong federal government

52. How Was a Stable Economy Created After the War. 2. Summarize how the U
How Was a Stable Economy Created After the War? 2. Summarize how the U.S. government responded to the economic problems after the War of 1812.
The U.S. government responded to the economic problems with quick actions. State banks had created inflation, so the U.S. chartered another national bank to prevent this. British manufacturers sold goods below cost, so the U.S. Government passed a protective tariff.

53. 3. Explain why the U.S. government chose to pass a protective tariff, or tax, on British goods after the War of  
During the Industrial Revolution, the United States was still developing industries while Britain had already established them. As a result, British manufacturers were able to sell goods for inexpensive prices- sometimes even below cost. This put some American manufacturers out of business. The government passed a tariff to help American manufacturers compete with British manufacturers.

54. How Did Supreme Court Decisions Expand Federal Power. 4
How Did Supreme Court Decisions Expand Federal Power? 4. Which Supreme Court decision regulated trade among the states?
McCulloch v. Maryland
Gibbons v. Ogden
Fletcher v. Peck

55. Independence in Latin America 5
Independence in Latin America 5. Describe the role of the Creoles in the revolutions in Latin America.  
Once the Creoles began to join the revolutionary movement in Mexico, the movement gained momentum. Their wealth strengthened the revolution. Eventually Mexico and other countries were able to gain independence from Spain.

56. How Did the United States Gain Florida. 6
How Did the United States Gain Florida? 6. Why do you think Andrew Jackson invaded Florida? Explain using information from the text.    
Andrew Jackson wanted to protect southern plantation owners from outside threats. He also opposed the way the Seminoles and the Spanish protected African Americans who had escaped slavery in the U.S. South, and he wanted to put a stop to it. He also wanted to stop the Seminole raids on Georgia plantations.

57. What Did the Monroe Doctrine State. 7
What Did the Monroe Doctrine State? 7. Identify the main points of the Monroe Doctrine. (Circle all that apply.)  
The United States had the right to colonize Latin America.
The United States would not interfere in European nations or their existing colonies.
European nations could continue to expand in Latin America.
The United States would oppose any attempt to reclaim old colonies or build new colonies in the Americas.

58. What Was Daily Life Like in the Early Republic. 8
What Was Daily Life Like in the Early Republic? 8. How did the growth of industry change daily life in the early republic?    
As industry grew, more women left farms to move to the cities and work in industries, such as textile manufacturing.