1. The Industrial Revolution
Circa – 1850

2. The Industrial Revolution
Domestic System
Urbanisation & Surplus Labour
Factory System
4. Health & Safety Issues!!
Introduction:
Stages of Development
Why England?
Mapping Causation
Population Explosion 1700 – 1850
Medical Advances: Jenner’s Vaccine The Agricultural Revolution
Four-Field System
Enclosure
Selective Breeding
The Seed Drill
Results of Agricultural Revolution
2. The Factory System
Textile Industry
Coal
Iron
Steel
Steam Power
3. The Transport Revolution
Transport ( )
Roads
Canals & Ships
Railways
5. Workers’ Lifestyles & Entertainment
- B.McSweeney

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Stages & Developments
Population Explosion
Urbanisation
Agricultural Innovation
Labour Supply & Raw Materials
Industrialisation & Mass Production
Transportation Innovation
Social Factors: Living & Working Conditions
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Why England?
Large middle class
Abundance of raw materials (coal)
England had colonies
Tradition of experimental science
No civil strife or unrest
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5. Causation: Population Explosion – Industrialisation & Market Expansion
Mass Production
Transportation
Innovation
Medical Advances
Market
Expansion
Population Explosion
Available Raw Materials
Surplus Labour Supply
Food Shortage
Agricultural
Innovation
Urbanisation
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6. Population Explosion 1700 - 1850
- B.McSweeney

7. Factors of Population Growth: Medical Advances
Edward Jenner created the first smallpox vaccine
The vaccine that he developed led to a sharp increase in the growing population as many children now survived into adulthood.
In 1796, he injected 8 year old James Phipps with a sample of cowpox. His theory was that milkmaids who ingested cowpox never contracted smallpox. Smallpox was one of the biggest killers of young children up to this time.
Jenner even tested his theory on his 11 month old son. He termed the word ‘vaccine’ from the Latin word “vacca” for cow!
Even though he was ridiculed at first, his new approach to preventing disease soon became widely established. He is remembered as "the father of immunology” .
- B.McSweeney

8. Agricultural Revolution Subsistence Innovation Profit
Four-Field System
Enclosure
Selective Breeding
Seed Drill & Horse-hoe
Results of Agricultural Revolution
- B.McSweeney

9. The Open-Field System: Pre-Agricultural Revolution
Old Medieval Field System:
Fallow Fields & Strip-Farming
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10. The Open-Field System: Pre-Agricultural Revolution
Disadvantages
Land owned by landlords; rented to tenant-farmers.
Open-Field System meant weeds & diseases could easily spread across all land
Very difficult to irrigate
No machinery used & seed spread by hand (‘broadcasting’)
Old Medieval Field System:
Fallow Fields & Strip-Farming
- B.McSweeney

11. The Four-Field System: Charles ‘Turnip’ Townshend
Travelled to Belgium & Holland to see their agricultural strategies
Returned with the idea of a ‘Four-Field System’
Proposed using turnips to feed cattle over winter, rather than having to slaughter them.
In this way, no field would be left fallow in any year
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12. The Four-Field System: Charles ‘Turnip’ Townshend
The ‘Norfolk System’
Instead of leaving one field fallow, crops would now be grown in the fourth field to feed cattle during winter.
This would replenish the soil and allow cattle to be kept all year round (greater food supply for a growing population)
- B.McSweeney

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Enclosure
The Enclosure Acts (1773) meant that land would now be separated by ditches and hedges.
This would help to prevent the spread of weeds & diseases.
Commissioners appointed to divide the land into individual farms.
- B.McSweeney

14. Selective Breeding Robert Bakewell
The process of ’Selective Breeding’ was started by Robert Bakewell to produce meatier, woollier animals.
This involved choosing only the fattest animals to breed with other fat animals and breeding fast horses only with other fast horses.
In 50 years, livestock doubled in weight.
- B.McSweeney

15. Seed Drill & Horse-Hoe: Jethro Tull
In 1701, Jethro Tull developed a new way of planting seeds.
Because birds often ate the exposed seeds, Tull invented the Seed Drill to plough open a furrow, plant the seeds and then cover them over again with earth.
It also planted the seeds in a more consistent pattern, which meant a fuller, more predictable growth.
He also invented the Horse-Hoe, which removed weeds from fields.
SEED DRILL
HORSE- HOE
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16. Results of Agricultural Revolution
Between 1700 & 1850:
Corn production quadrupled
Sheep numbers almost trebled
Cattle numbers more than trebled
More food being produced for growing population
Less labour needed on farms due to machinery
Surplus labour moved to towns & cities to find work
- B.McSweeney

17. Urbanisation & The Factory System 1750 - 1850
Urbanisation & Population Shift 1750 – 1850
The Domestic System
The Factory System: Mass Production
The Factory System: Protest & Reform Movements
The Factory System: Robert Owen
The Factory System: Reforms & New Laws
The Factory System: Textiles
The Factory System: Powering the Industrial Revolution: Coal
The Factory System: Iron Production
The Factory System: Steam Power
- B.McSweeney

18. Urbanisation & Population Shift
In 1750, 70% of the population of England lived in the countryside.
By 1850, only 40% of the population of England lived in the countryside.
- B.McSweeney

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The Domestic System
Before the industrial revolution, most goods needed by ordinary people were made in their own homes. This was known as the ‘Domestic Industry’.
People spun their own linen to create clothes and produced other small tools at home.
Many of these rural people now moved to cities to find work in factories.
- B.McSweeney

20. Factory System: Mass Production
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The Factory System
When people moved to the cities, there was a plentiful supply of cheap labour to work in the factories.
From now on, men, women and even children became employees in large factories producing goods in mass production for sale (profit).
Children worked very long hours (12 – 14 hours a day) for very low wages.
Adults often worked from 5 a.m. to 8 p.m. all year round. There were heavy fines for breaking rules.
There were frequent accidents in factories, often with no compensation, time off or medical assistance.
- B.McSweeney

22. The Factory System: Protest & Reform Movements
A group known as the Luddites demanded better working conditions. When these were refused, the sabotaged and destroyed machinery in protest
There were rewards put out for their capture, and some were even executed. However, the demand for better working conditions had been planted in the minds of many people.
- B.McSweeney

23. The Factory System: Robert Owen
He paid good wages and reduced working hours
He provided schools for children
He built hospitals
He helped workers to set up their own Trade Union and Workers’ Co-operative
The French Revolution would persuade the British Government to improve the lives of the workers
Robert Owen was a mill owner who led the way in better treatment of workers.
- B.McSweeney

24. The Factory System: Reforms & New Laws
1819: An Act made it illegal to employ children under 7 and to force children under 16 to work more than 12 hours a day
Factory Act (1833): Inspectors were employed to enforce laws concerning children
Mines’ Act (1842): It was declared illegal to employ women or children underground for work in mines.
Childrens’ Act (1844): Children between 6 and 13 years old could only work a maximum of a 6.5 hour working day
Workers’ Act (1847): A maximum ten-hour working day was introduced for all under 18s and women.
- B.McSweeney

25. The Factory System: Textiles
Originated in the Domestic
System, new innovations
led to the invention of
Richard Arkwright’s
‘Spinning Frame’.
Later innovations included James Hargreaves’ ‘Spinning Jenny’ & Samuel Crompton’s ‘Spinning Mule’.
These inventions led to a massive increase in the production of textiles based on Mass Production in the Factory System
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26. Powering the Industrial Revolution
- B.McSweeney

27. 1,000% increase in the use of coal between 1750 & 1850
Coal was important for:
Power for factories, ships & railways
Provided raw materials for chemicals and dyes
It provided Coke, for smelting Iron Ore
1,000% increase in the use of coal between 1750 & 1850
- B.McSweeney

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Iron Production
Abraham Darby In 1709, he discovered a way to smelt iron ore using COKE which was much cheaper than using charcoal
Henry Cort In 1784, he developed a ‘Puddling & Rolling’ method of turning pig iron into wrought iron.
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29. Steam Power
Thomas Newcomen In 1705, he designed a pump to pump water out of mines
James Watt In 1763, Watt developed the Rotary Steam Engine which could turn wheels (for use other than pumping water)
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30. Why was Steam so Important?
It demanded large amounts of coal to heat water
More iron was needed, which was used to make steam engines
More factories were needed to house and use these steam engines
Trains were developed from the concept of steam power
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31. The Revolution in Transportation
Old Transport
New Roads: Macadam & Telford
Turnpike Trusts
Man-made Canals
Steam-Powered Ships
Railways
- B.McSweeney

32. Old Transport System Pre-1700
Horse & Cart
Ship
Problems with these methods:
Slow
Expensive
Poor roads (turned to mud after rain)
Ships dependent on good weather
- B.McSweeney

33. John Macadam & Thomas Telford
Road Improvements
John Macadam & Thomas Telford
John Macadam & Thomas Telford designed new roads that did not turn to mud in bad weather.
These roads were designed to draw excess water off to the sides into ditches (drains)
This greatly improved the movement of goods and raw materials to and from factories and between cities and ports
- B.McSweeney

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Canals
A ‘man-made river’
Horse-drawn barge
Canals are man-made river course for transport goods and raw materials
The first canal was built in Newry, Co. Down in 1741
Horse-drawn barges could pull a large and heavy load easily on water canals
By the 1840s, there were over 4,000 miles of canals all over Britain
- B.McSweeney

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Steam-Powered Ships
“Full Steam Ahead!”
In 1784, the first steam-powered ship with an iron hull was made.
These new ships could sail in any weather, regardless of wind direction or strength.
Goods and materials could be moved with certainty and regularity.
Crossing the Atlantic now took less than two weeks, whereas previously it would take anything from 6 – 8 weeks
In 1819, the SS Savanah became the first steam ship to cross the Atlantic
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36. The Railway Revolution
First railway line opened in 1825, between Stockton & Darlington
1829 – ‘Stephenson’s Rocket’ was introduced.
1860 – over 11,000 miles of railway lines in Britain
Fastest & cheapest method of transporting goods, raw material and people.
Railway lines were also laid specially from transportation of coal and iron directly from mines to factories
- B.McSweeney

37. Living & Working Conditions
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38. The New Urban ‘Working Class’
Originally most of the new ‘working-class’ came from agricultural backgrounds (serfdom, cottiers & agricultural labourers)
This new class of working people lived in over-crowded tenement buildings in urban centres
Women & children all worked in the new Industrial Revolution: maximising profit for owners
Children were easily disciplined & could perform functions that adults could not
Children had no protection under law
Close relationship between education & work of children: uniforms, time-keeping, discipline, authority etc.
- B.McSweeney