1. By: Amanda MacInnis, Becca Wade and Staci Martin
PHOBIAS
By: Amanda MacInnis, Becca Wade and Staci Martin

2. A phobia is a situation of fear during an activity, or thing that
causes the person to want to
avoid it.

3. THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF PHOBIAS: Specific Phobias Social Phobias
Agoraphobias

4. Extreme fear of a specific living thing, object or situation.
SPECIFIC PHOBIA
Extreme fear of a specific living thing, object or situation.

5. http://www. google. ca/images
CRITERIA
Individual experiences excessive and persistent fear of a specific object or situation and has feelings of anxiety, fear, or panic right when encountering it
The person knows that their reaction of fear is unreasonable
Individual’s fear, anxiety, or avoidance causes significant distress or it interferes with the person’s day to day life
In children younger than 18 years old, the problem must be present for at least six months before diagnosing a specific phobia
The person’s fear, panic, and avoidance aren’t better explained by another disorder

6. TYPES Animal- fear of animals
TYPES
Animal- fear of animals
Natural Environment- fear of heights, storms and being near water
Blood-Injection/Injury- fear of seeing blood, having a blood test or injection, watching medical procedures
Situational- driving, flying, elevators, and enclosed places
Other- other specific fears
BLOOD-for some people even talking about medical procedures
OTHER-clowns, loud noises, choking, ect…

7. CAUSES

8. LEARNING HISTORY
Direct learning experiences- can begin following a traumatic experience
Observational learning experiences- learn to fear a situation by watching others show signs of a fear in the same situation
Informational Learning- learning to fear an object or situation by hearing or reading that the situation is dangerous
DIRECT- a person getting bit by a dog can form a phobia of dogs
OBSERVATIONAL- children with parents with a fear of flying can grow up to have the same fear
INFORMATIONAL- having a fear of flying after seeing 9/11 incident

9. ATTENTION AND MEMORY
People with specific phobias tend to pay more attention to threatening information that relates to the fear
Also tend to have distortions in their memories for encounters of fear
fear of spiders are first to notice a spider in the room
2. remember a type of animal to be more threatening then it actually was

10. BELEIFS AND INTERPRETATIONS
People with specific phobias tend to hold beliefs and to interpret situations in a way that increases anxiety
(person with a fear of falling may think they have a greater chance of falling)

11. AVOIDANCE AND OTHER BEHAVIORS
Avoidance of fear prevents people with specific phobias from learning that the situations they fear are not as “dangerous” as they think it is
(a person with a fear of getting in an accident drives slowly)

12. BIOLOGICAL
Sometimes a phobia may run in the family and genetics may play a role
When exposed to fear biological changes occur in the body and these can increase physical symptoms
BIOLOGICAL CHANGES- brain activity, release of hormones
PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS- heart rate, blood pressure

13. TREATMENTS

14. EXPOSURE TO FEARED SITUATIONS
Confronting a feared situation repeatedly, until the situation no longer triggers fear this technique
This technique sometimes works in the matter of one session

15. APPLIED MUSCLE TENSION
This technique is used specifically to treat people with blood and needle phobias
Combines exposure to blood and needles with exercises that involve tensing all of the muscles of the body
Temporarily raises the person’s blood pressure and prevents fainting

16. COGNITIVE THERAPY
Learning to identify one’s anxious thoughts and to replace them with more realistic thoughts
Considered as an inappropriate technique to treat specific phobias

17. BIOLOGICAL THERAPY
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, such as paroxetine (Paxil) and similar medications
Anti-anxiety medications such as diazepam (Valium) and related drugs
SEROTONIN- known to be a medication that treats depression
-doesn’t allow a chemical called serotonin into nerve cells, causing it to build up.. Serotonin is involved in controlling moods, somehow this drug prevents uptake of serotonin, which alters moods

18. SOCIAL PHOBIAS

19. Individuals with social phobia are very fearful of being in a performance or social situations. The anxiety they get is either due to the feelings of being judged by others or behaving in a way that could cause embarrassment.

20. CAUSES

21. HEREDITY
In many cases the individual’s parents have social phobia, which results in their children having it as well due to their genetics
This doesn’t mean that the disorder will stay for life, it’s able to be overcome if treated at an early age.

22. ENVRIONMENTAL
When children live in certain types of environments, they are effected and behaviors can change
For example: a child lives in a family where they avoid all social activities and the parents don’t allow the child to give his or her opinion or they are too protective, this can cause social phobia

23. NEUROLOGICAL
A chemical unbalance can occur within the brain which causes a social phobia
The imbalance of serotonin in the brain cells can cause social situations can be seen very frightening for the individual

24. SYMPTOMS

25. PHYSICAL Blushing Shaky voice and trembling of hands and feet
Sweaty or cold hands
Panic attacks
Muscular tension
Diarrhea
Confusion
Difficulty making eye contact

26. COGNITIVE Fear of being judged or criticized
Anxiety or fear of having attention put on you
The belief that others see you as anxious, weak, crazy or stupid
Fear of meeting strangers
Fear of authority figures

27. PERSONALITY TRAITS Low self-confidence and self-esteem
Negative thought patterns
Undeveloped social skills
NEGATIVE THOUGHT PATTERNS- For example: “I'll appear stupid” OR “They're not interested in what I've got to say”
***If you get nervous during social situations it doesn’t mean you have social phobia or social anxiety. Lots of people are shy or self conscious. Social anxiety disorder does actually interfere with your daily routine and causes a major amount of distress.

28. TREATMENTS
Before using any other treatment options you could always make some changes in your life such as, things you eat, as well as how you sleep at night. Caffeine can increase symptoms for social phobia. Drinking larger amounts can encourage social phobia attacks after drinking, even though some may think it will help with their nervousness. Quitting smoking is another option. These changes do not get rid of the disorder but they may help.

29. MEDICINES Paroxetine Sertraline Fluvoxamine Fluoxetine
It’s possible to take up to three months before you begin to notice changes.
By taking medications it is possible for you to cause serious damage to physical and mental health.

30. THERAPIES Two Types: Group and Private
By taking therapies the person will be able to learn to face social situations and key ways on how to stop avoiding them
Learn different exercises you can do to control you symptoms
The problem with therapy when someone has a social phobia is that they are nervous being around people, causing the therapy to either be ineffective or they will not attend the therapy at all.

31. ANALYZING NEGATIVE THOUGHTS
A major symptom of someone with a social phobia is having anxiety caused by negative thoughts
Individual has to ask themselves why they would be so scared to do certain things

32. AGORAPHOBIA

33. AGORAPHOBIA
Is the fear of being outside or being in a situation, which one either cannot escape from, or escaping would be difficult or humiliating.
Agoraphobia occurs in combination with panic attacks. • People with agoraphobia avoid situations that would contribute to anxiety, however the worse case scenario people stay at home and work very hard to not go outside and have to deal with these problems. This phobia Lasts many years. Also Agoraphobia varies in gender it is more popular in women then men. About twice as many women have agoraphobia then men. People are most likely to develop Agoraphobia in their mid to late 20’s, the median age is 29. about 1.6% of Canada’s population has Agoraphobia
Some examples of people with agoraphobia may feel anxious about things such as loss of bladder or bowel control, choking on food in the presence of others. They also might feel anxious about being home alone, leaving home, or being in a crowded place, such as on public transportation or in an elevator, where it might be difficult or embarrassing to find a way out. To avoid the anxiety someone with agoraphobia will avoid these situations all together.

34. CHARACTERISTICS OF AGORAPHOBIA

35. There are two characteristics that are associated with this phobia:
Anxiety: it starts to develop for people with agoraphobia when they start to think about being in a situation out of their comfort zone.
Panic: When people avoid these situations it brings them to panic and anxiety.
It’s when they fear of being trapped in a situation where they would be judged, and it would be difficult or embarrassing for them to leave the situation.
The fear of the anxiety also leads people to Agoraphobia.

36. HOW AGORAPHOBIA IS DIAGONOSED
A mental health professional diagnosis’ agoraphobia by taking a personal history from the client/patient.
No physical conditions that can be met to determine if someone has agoraphobia.
1) No laboratory tests required to confirm a diagnosis of agoraphobia.
2)People who have Agoraphobia, they believe they are "losing" their mind or "going crazy"

37. TREATMENT
There are three ways Agoraphobia is treated: 1) Therapy 2) Medication 3) Both therapy and medication combined
However if agoraphobia accumulates to panic attacks, it is then that people are referred to medication, such as anxiety medication, anti-depressants.

38. SOURCES http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/social-anxiety