1. Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 23
Lesson 23 Vocabulary
Third Conjugation Verbs, Passive Voice
Objective Genitive

2. Lesson 23 Vocabulary

3. antīquus, antīqua, antīquum
former, ancient, old-fashioned, old*
N.B.: antīquus rarely means “old.” Virī antīquī means “men of old,” not “old men.”

4. clārus, clāra, clārum
clear, bright; famous

5. fīnitimus, fīnitima, fīnitimum
neighboring

6. paucī, paucae, pauca few, a few
N.B.: “few” by nature is plural, so this adj. only exists in the plural.

7. reliquus, reliqua, reliquum
remaining, the rest of
N.B.: the genitive case is NOT used with reliquus. The “of” in “the rest of” is part of the meaning of the adj.

8. cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessus
to move; yield, give way

9. discēdō, discēdere, discessī, discessus
to go away, depart, leave
[< dis– (apart, in different directions) + cedō, cēdere, cessī, cessus]

10. excēdō, excēdere, excessī, excessus
to go out, leave
[< ē/ex + cedō, cēdere, cessī, cessus]

11. cōnstituō, cōnstituere, cōnstituī, cōnstitūtus
to decide, determine; set up

12. contendō, contendere, contendī, contentus
to strive, struggle; hasten

13. dēligō, dēligere, dēlēgī, dēlēctus
to choose

14. redūcō, redūcere, redūxī, redūctus
to lead back
[< re– (back, again) + dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus]

15. Third Conjugation Verbs: Passive Voice

16. Third Conjugation Verbs – Passive Voice
the passive voice of the present system of the 3rd conj. is formed exactly like the active voice forms, but with the passive personal endings (r, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)
Present: pres. stem (1st PP drop –ō) + i/u + passive endings
exception: 2nd SG in the present adds –e– to the stem, NOT –i–
Imperfect: pres. stem + ēbā + passive endings
Future: pres. stem + a/e + passive endings

17. 3rd Conjugation– Present Passive
Forming:
add –e– to the stem in the 2nd SG
add –i– to the stem in the 3rd SG, 1st PL, & 2nd PL
add –u– to the stem in the 3rd PL
add the passive personal endings (or, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead SG PL
1st
2nd
3rd

18. 3rd Conjugation– Present Passive
Forming:
add –e– to the stem in the 2nd SG
add –i– to the stem in the 3rd SG, 1st PL, & 2nd PL
add –u– to the stem in the 3rd PL
add the passive personal endings (or, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead SG PL
1st
dūc
2nd
3rd

19. 3rd Conjugation– Present Passive
Forming:
add –e– to the stem in the 2nd SG
add –i– to the stem in the 3rd SG, 1st PL, & 2nd PL
add –u– to the stem in the 3rd PL
add the passive personal endings (or, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead SG PL
1st
dūc
dūci
2nd
dūce
3rd
dūcu

20. 3rd Conjugation– Present Passive
Forming:
add –e– to the stem in the 2nd SG
add –i– to the stem in the 3rd SG, 1st PL, & 2nd PL
add –u– to the stem in the 3rd PL
add the passive personal endings (or, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead SG PL
1st
dūcor
dūci
2nd
dūce
3rd
dūcu

21. 3rd Conjugation– Present Passive
Forming:
add –e– to the stem in the 2nd SG
add –i– to the stem in the 3rd SG, 1st PL, & 2nd PL
add –u– to the stem in the 3rd PL
add the passive personal endings (or, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead SG PL
1st
dūcor
dūci
2nd
dūceris
3rd
dūcu

22. 3rd Conjugation– Present Passive
Forming:
add –e– to the stem in the 2nd SG
add –i– to the stem in the 3rd SG, 1st PL, & 2nd PL
add –u– to the stem in the 3rd PL
add the passive personal endings (or, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead SG PL
1st
dūcor
dūci
2nd
dūceris
3rd
dūcitur
dūcu

23. 3rd Conjugation– Present Passive
Forming:
add –e– to the stem in the 2nd SG
add –i– to the stem in the 3rd SG, 1st PL, & 2nd PL
add –u– to the stem in the 3rd PL
add the passive personal endings (or, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead SG PL
1st
dūcor
dūcimur
2nd
dūceris
dūci
3rd
dūcitur
dūcu

24. 3rd Conjugation– Present Passive
Forming:
add –e– to the stem in the 2nd SG
add –i– to the stem in the 3rd SG, 1st PL, & 2nd PL
add –u– to the stem in the 3rd PL
add the passive personal endings (or, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead SG PL
1st
dūcor
dūcimur
2nd
dūceris
dūciminī
3rd
dūcitur
dūcu

25. 3rd Conjugation– Present Passive
Forming:
add –e– to the stem in the 2nd SG
add –i– to the stem in the 3rd SG, 1st PL, & 2nd PL
add –u– to the stem in the 3rd PL
add the passive personal endings (or, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead SG PL
1st
dūcor
dūcimur
2nd
dūceris
dūciminī
3rd
dūcitur
dūcuntur

26. 3rd Conjugation– Imperfect Passive
Forming:
add –ēba– to the stem
add the passive personal endings (r, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead SG PL
1st
2nd
3rd

27. 3rd Conjugation– Imperfect Passive
Forming:
add –ēba– to the stem
add the passive personal endings (r, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead SG PL
1st
dūcēbar
dūcēbāmur
2nd
dūcēbāris
dūcēbāminī
3rd
dūcēbātur
dūcēbantur

28. 3rd Conjugation– Future Passive
Forming:
add –a– to the stem in the 1st SG
add –ē– to the stem in the other forms (–e– in 3rd SG & PL)
add the passive personal endings (r, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead SG PL
1st
2nd
3rd

29. 3rd Conjugation– Future Passive
Forming:
add –a– to the stem in the 1st SG
add –ē– to the stem in the other forms (–e– in 3rd PL)
add the passive personal endings (r, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur)
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead SG PL
1st
dūcar
dūcēmur
2nd
dūcēris*
dūcēminī
3rd
dūcētur
dūcentur
*the long –ē– is the only difference between fut. & pres. passive for 3rd conj., you need to know this long mark

30. 3rd Conjugation Verbs Present Passive Imperative
to form the present passive imperative…
SG: add –ere– to the 3rd conj. pres. stem
PL: add –iminī– to the 3rd conj. pres. stem
e.g.: regō, regere – regere! (sg) regiminī! (pl)
N.B.: SG impv. is still the same as the 2nd PP and PL impv. is still the same as 2nd PL pres. pass. indic.

31. Third Conjugation Verbs – Passive Voice
the passive of the perfect system of the 3rd conj. is formed exactly like the perfect system passive of conj (PPP + form of sum, esse)
Perfect: PPP + sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt
Pluperfect: PPP + eram, erās, erat, erāmus, erātis, erant
Future Perfect: PPP + erō, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt

32. 3rd Conjugation– Perfect Passive
Forming:
take the PPP (4th PP declined like a adjective)
add the present tense of sum, esse
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead SG PL
1st
2nd
3rd

33. 3rd Conjugation– Perfect Passive
Forming:
take the PPP (4th PP declined like a adjective)
add the present tense of sum, esse
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead SG PL
1st
dūctus, -a, -um sum
dūctī, -ae, -a sumus
2nd
dūctus, -a, -um es
dūctī, -ae, -a estis
3rd
dūctus, -a, -um est
dūctī, -ae, -a sunt

34. 3rd Conjugation– Pluperfect Passive
Forming:
take the PPP (4th PP declined like a adjective)
add the imperfect tense of sum, esse
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead SG PL
1st
2nd
3rd

35. 3rd Conjugation– Pluperfect Passive
Forming:
take the PPP (4th PP declined like a adjective)
add the imperfect tense of sum, esse
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead SG PL
1st
dūctus, -a, -um eram
dūctī, -ae, -a erāmus
2nd
dūctus, -a, -um erās
dūctī, -ae, -a erātis
3rd
dūctus, -a, -um erat
dūctī, -ae, -a erant

36. 3rd Conjugation– Future Perfect Passive
Forming:
take the PPP (4th PP declined like a adjective)
add the future tense of sum, esse
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead SG PL
1st
2nd
3rd

37. 3rd Conjugation– Future Perfect Passive
Forming:
take the PPP (4th PP declined like a adjective)
add the future tense of sum, esse
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, dūctus: to lead SG PL
1st
dūctus, -a, -um erō
dūctī, -ae, -a erimus
2nd
dūctus, -a, -um eris
dūctī, -ae, -a eritis
3rd
dūctus, -a, -um erit
dūctī, -ae, -a erunt

38. Objective Genitive

39. Objective Genitive
one of the most common uses of the gen. (if not the most common)
the objective genitive is used like the object of a noun or adjective containing some idea of action
the obj. gen. can often be translated with “for,” instead of “of”
common with words that express emotions
how to determine if you have an objective genitive:
find the word the gen. goes with; does it have a verb-y idea?
if yes, change the verb-y noun into its verb – does the gen. sound like the object?
if yes, it is objective genitive
if no, it is not

40. Objective Genitive E.G. dux cōpiārum (i.e. ducit cōpiās)
the leader of the troops
cūra agrōrum (i.e. cūrat agrōs)
care for the fields
amor populī (i.e. amat populum)
love of/for the people
magister linguae Latinae (i.e. docet linguam Latīnam)
teacher of the Latin language