1. Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 12
Lesson 12 Vocabulary
The Pluperfect Tense
The Future Perfect Tense

2. Lesson 12 Vocabulary

3. audācia, audāciae, f.
daring, boldness

4. carrus, carrī, m.
wagon

5. cūra, cūrae, f.
care, anxiety

6. dominus, dominī, m.
master, lord

7. inopia, inopiae, f.
lack, want

8. īra, īrae, f.
anger

9. liber, librī, m.
book

10. locus, locī, m. loca, locōrum, n. (pl.)
place

11. magister, magistrī, m.
master, teacher

12. poena, poenae, f.
punishment, penalty

13. populus, populī, m.
people, nation

14. socius, sociī, m.
ally, comrade

15. The Perfect System: Pluperfect & Future Perfect Tenses

16. The Perfect System There are 2 other tenses in the perfect system
Perfect System = verbs formed from the perfect stem (3rd PP – -ī)
These are the pluperfect and future perfect

17. The Pluperfect Tense

18. Pluperfect Tense
Pluperfect tense (plūs quam perfectum) indicates action happening in the past before another past action/event
Translate: “had ________ed”
To form:
Find the perfect stem (3rd PP and drop the –ī)
Add the plupf. tense infix/marker –era–
Add personal endings (–m, –s, –t, –mus, –tis, –nt)

19. perfect stem + plupf. infix. + personal endings
Pluperfect Tense
So…
perfect stem + plupf. infix. + personal endings
3rd PP – -ī –era– SG PL
1st m
mus
2nd s
tis
3rd t nt

20. perfect stem + impf. of sum, esse
Pluperfect Tense
OR…
perfect stem + impf. of sum, esse
3rd PP – -ī + SG PL
1st
eram
erāmus
2nd
erās
eratis
3rd
erat
erant

21. perfect stem + plupf. endings
Pluperfect Tense
OR…
perfect stem + plupf. endings
3rd PP – -ī + SG PL
1st
eram
erāmus
2nd
erās
eratis
3rd
erat
erant

22. Pluperfect Tense ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātus: to walk SG PL
2nd
3rd

23. Pluperfect Tense ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātus: to walk SG PL
2nd
3rd

24. Pluperfect Tense ambulāv
ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātus: to walk SG PL
1st
ambulāv
2nd
3rd

25. Pluperfect Tense ambulāvera
ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātus: to walk SG PL
1st
ambulāvera
2nd
3rd

26. Pluperfect Tense ambulāveram ambulāverāmus ambulāverās ambulāverātis
ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātus: to walk SG PL
1st
ambulāveram
ambulāverāmus
2nd
ambulāverās
ambulāverātis
3rd
ambulāverat
ambulāverant

27. Pluperfect of Sum, Esse SG PL 1st 2nd 3rd formed regularly
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus: to be SG PL
1st
2nd
3rd

28. Pluperfect of Sum, Esse SG PL 1st 2nd 3rd formed regularly
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus: to be SG PL
1st
2nd
3rd

29. Pluperfect of Sum, Esse fu SG PL 1st 2nd 3rd formed regularly
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus: to be SG PL
1st fu
2nd
3rd

30. Pluperfect of Sum, Esse fuera fuerā SG PL 1st 2nd 3rd formed regularly
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus: to be SG PL
1st
fuera
fuerā
2nd
3rd

31. Pluperfect of Sum, Esse fueram fuerāmus fuerās fuerātis fuerat fuerant
formed regularly
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus: to be SG PL
1st
fueram
fuerāmus
2nd
fuerās
fuerātis
3rd
fuerat
fuerant

32. Pluperfect of Sum, Esse fueram fuerāmus fuerās fuerātis fuerat fuerant
formed regularly
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus: to be SG PL
1st
fueram
I had been
fuerāmus
we had been
2nd
fuerās
you had been
fuerātis
you (pl.) had been
3rd
fuerat
he/she/it had been
fuerant
they had been

33. The Future Perfect Tense

34. Future Perfect Tense
Future perfect indicates an action that will have been completed in the future before another action takes place (but it’s not done yet)
Translate: “will have ________ed”
To form:
Find the perfect stem (3rd PP and drop the –ī)
Add the fut. pf. tense infix/marker –eri–
Add personal endings (–ō, –s, –t, –mus, –tis, –nt)
N.B.: drop the –i– in the infix for 1st SG (= –erō)

35. perfect stem + fut. pf. infix + personal endings
Future Perfect Tense
So…
perfect stem + fut. pf. infix + personal endings
3rd PP – -ī –eri– SG PL
1st ō*
mus
2nd s
tis
3rd t nt
*drop the –i– from the infix before the –ō

36. perfect stem + fut. of sum, esse (almost)
Future Perfect Tense
OR…
perfect stem + fut. of sum, esse (almost)
3rd PP – -ī + SG PL
1st
erō
erimus
2nd
eris
eritis
3rd
erit
erint*
*different than fut. of sum, esse (erunt)

37. perfect stem + fut. pf. endings
Future Perfect Tense
OR…
perfect stem + fut. pf. endings
3rd PP – -ī + SG PL
1st
erō
erimus
2nd
eris
eritis
3rd
erit
erint

38. Future Perfect Tense ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātus: to walk SGPL
1st
2nd
3rd

39. Future Perfect Tense ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātus: to walk SGPL
1st
2nd
3rd

40. Future Perfect Tense ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātus: to walkSG PL
1st
ambulāveri
2nd
3rd

41. Future Perfect Tense ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātus: to walkSG PL
1st
ambulāverō
ambulāverimus
2nd
ambulāveris
ambulāveritis
3rd
ambulāverit
ambulāverint

42. Future Perfect of Sum, Esse
formed regularly
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus: to be SG PL
1st
2nd
3rd

43. Future Perfect of Sum, Esse
formed regularly
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus: to be SG PL
1st
2nd
3rd

44. Future Perfect of Sum, Esse
formed regularly
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus: to be SG PL
1st fu
2nd
3rd

45. Future Perfect of Sum, Esse
formed regularly
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus: to be SG PL
1st
fuer
fueri
2nd
3rd

46. Future Perfect of Sum, Esse
formed regularly
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus: to be SG PL
1st
fuerō
fuerimus
2nd
fueris
fueritis
3rd
fuerit
fuerint

47. Future Perfect of Sum, Esse
formed regularly
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus: to be SG PL
1st
fuerō
I shall have been
fuerimus
we shall have been
2nd
fueris
you will have been
fueritis
you (pl.) will have been
3rd
fuerit
he/she/it will have been
fuerint
they will have been