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Aim: How did the 30 Years War Change Europe?
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Historical Context (Long Term Causes)
A) Little Ice Age began in 1300, but worsened in 1570 – Long term poor harvests. Hendrick Avercamp, Winter Scene on a Canal, ca
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Historical Context Continued…
B) Mined silver from the Americas inflation C) Military and luxury spending debt D) Protestant reformation (begun 1517 with the 95 Theses by Martin Luther) and the Catholic Church’s response (the Counter Reformation) E) Conflict between local princes and the Holy Roman Emperor
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Hapsburg Controlled Europe Before the War
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Ferdinand II became Holy Roman Emperor in 1619)
Short Term Causes A) 1617 Hapsburg Ferdinand II became King of Austria. He supported the Catholic Counter-Reformation. His new subjects in the Kingdom of Bohemia (mostly Protestant) had been allowed religious tolerance under the Peace of Augsburg (1555). B) 1618 the Bohemian estates (an elected assembly) met. They elected Ferdinand as King of Bohemia, but demanded he recognize their rights including religious freedom. When Ferdinand implemented policies discriminating against Protestants, the estates protested, and Ferdinand dissolved their assembly. C) A Protestant mob forced itself into the imperial castle and threw 3 representatives out a 3rd story window. (The 2nd Defenestration of Prague) Ferdinand II became Holy Roman Emperor in 1619)
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Prague Castle Where The 2nd Defenestration of Prague Occurred!
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The 2nd Defenestration of Prague 1618 by Václav Brozik, painted 1890
The 2nd Defenestration of Prague 1618 by Václav Brozik, painted How did the 3 men survive? Catholics belivieved the men’s prayers saved their lives and proved God was on their side. The Protestants said it was due to the victims landing in a dung heap.
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War! A) The Bohemian nobles allied with German Protestant states. B) Ferdinand II sought the support of his Catholic nephew, King Phillip IV of Spain. C) Ottoman soldiers fought with the Bohemians (in exchange for yearly dues paid to the Sultan) against the Poles (who sided with the Catholic Habsburgs). D) Denmark-Norway’s King Christian IV supported the Protestant states. King Phillip IV of Spain Denmark-Norway’s King Christian IV
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King Gustavus Adolphus 1594 - 1632
War! 1618 – 1648 Continued… E) 1630, Sweden, under the leadership of King Gustavus Adolphus, took the side of the northern Protestants. He was shot in the head at the Battle of Lutzen in F) Bohemian nobleman Albrecht von Wallenstein provided his army of 50,000 soldiers to Ferdinand II in exchange for the freedom to plunder any captured territory. By 1635, the Swedes were defeated. Treaty of the Peace of Prague: protected the territories of Protestant northeastern Germany, but not those of the south and west in present-day Austria and the Czech Republic. King Gustavus Adolphus
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War! 1618 – 1648 Continued… G) Catholic Cardinal Richelieu of France aided Protestants against the Catholic Holy Roman Empire. His goals were to strengthen the power of France and to oppose the Hapsburgs. H) Spain under Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III and later under Leopold I, mounted counter-attacks against France. Cardinal Richelieu of France Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I
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Source: Jean Gagniere, “The elimination of heresy, and of rebellion, through the care of Cardinal Richelieu,” France, Richelieu, the chief minister of France, removes caterpillars representing Protestant Huguenots from the fleur-de-lis, the symbol of France, while the lion and eagle, representing Catholic Spain and Austria, are kept restrained by chains.
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War! 1618 – 1648 Continued… I) 1640 the Portuguese began to revolt against their Spanish rulers. J) 1643 French monarch Louis XIII died, leaving the throne to his 5-year-old son, Louis XIV, and creating a leadership vacuum in Paris. Louis XIV Louis XIII
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Peace of Westphalia A) The peace conference to end the 30 Years War opened in Münster and Osnabrück December It involved 194 states with 179 delegates. The conference was headed by Fabio Chigi (the future Pope Alexander VII). B) There were multiple peace treaties (not just one), collectively named the Peace of Westphalia.
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Peace of Westphalia Continued…
C) Outcome of the Peace of Westphalia: 1. All parties would recognize the Peace of Augsburg of 1555, in which each prince would have the right to determine the religion of his own state (Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism). “Whose realm, his religion”. 2. Christians living in principalities where their denomination was not the established church were guaranteed the right to practice their faith in public during allotted hours and in private at their will. 3. Recognition of sovereignty of a ruler over their land and people. 4. The map of Europe changed. [See map!] Pope Alexander VII was born Fabio Chigi
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Consequences of the 30 Years War
A) Increased nationalism due to recognition of a nation’s sovereignty B) Hapsburg dynasty and Spain was weakened C) France gained dominance in Europe The Ratification of the Treaty of Munster, Painting by Gerard Ter Borch (1648)
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Key Vocabulary 2nd Defenestration of Prague 30 Years War Cardinal Richelieu Little Ice Age Hapsburgs Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II Peace of Augsburg Peace of Westphalia Denmark-Norway’s King Christian IV Sovereignty Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus
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