1. CHAPTER 28 THE WEST BETWEEN THE WARS
28.1 Instability after WWI
28.2 The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes
28.3 Hitler and Nazi Germany

2. How did the failure of the Big Four at the Paris Peace Conference contribute to the rise of dictators and ultimately World War II?
Woodrow Wilson
(United States)
Georges Clemenceau
(France)
David Lloyd George
(Great Britain)
Vittorio Orlando
(Italy)

3. The Treaty of Versailles
ARTICLE 231
‘WAR GUILT CLAUSE’
1) Held Germany completely responsible for the war
and thus responsible for its damages
Out of 446 clauses in the Treaty 414 are directed at Germany

4. The Treaty of Versailles
2. The Treaty of Versailles(1919) created the conditions that
caused World War II
    a. Germany had to accept sole responsibility for the
outbreak of the war  
b. Germany lost its colonial empire and 15% of its
European territory
     
c. Germany was required to pay heavy reparations
    d. Germany suffered restriction of its military forces
e.  Germans resented the treaty immensely
Army no larger than 100,000
No airforce
No Submarines and limited # of surface ships

5. The Treaty of Versailles
3. Terms of the Treaty were to be enforced by the League of Nations
4. The Weimar Republic was associated with the humiliation of the
Treaty of Versailles
5. The Germans believed that the German Revolution of was orchestrated by the “November Criminals” who later assumed office in the new Weimer Republic
6. French security was a real concern
Population 60 Million to Germany’s 80 Million
Germans/Prussians have invaded France 1813, 1815, 1870 and 1914
Made last Reparations payment October 3, 2010
French desire for security (Germany is larger than France)
Demand for strict enforcement of the Treaty of Versailles
Payment of reparations-132 Billion German Marks or 33 Billion U.S. Dollars
Payable annually of 2.5 billion marks
Germany defaulted due to financial crises in 1922.
French forces occupied the Ruhr Valley
Germany’s chief industrial and mining center
Planned to collect reparations using the mines and factories
German workers went on strike
German government adopted a policy of passive-resistance
continued to pay the German workers by printing more money

6. Maginot Line

8. Legacies of the Great War
   

9. From a German Newspaper on the day the treaty was signed.
Today in the Hall of Mirrors of Versailles the disgraceful Treaty is being signed.
Do not forget it. The German people will press forward to reconquer the place among nations to which we deserve. Then will come revenge for the shame of 1919.
From a German Newspaper on the day the treaty was signed.

10. Most Americans wanted to stay out of European affairs
US Senate refused to ratify or approve the Treaty
Did not join the League of Nations
Without the United States the League of Nations’ effectiveness was weakened

11. US demanded that loans to European powers be paid back
Allies demanded that reparations be paid so they could pay back loans
Germany, also in a financial crisis, defaulted on reparations

12. The German Mark v. the U.S. Dollar
HYPERINFLATION
The German Mark v. the U.S. Dollar
1914: $1 = 4 Marks
1921: $1 = 75 Marks
2/1923: $1 = 48,000 Marks
10/1923: $1 = 440,000,000 Marks
(440 million)
11/1923: $1 = 4,200,000,000,000 Marks
(4.2 trillion)

14. The Great Depression
Five reasons that made an economic depression the Great Depression
Stock Market Crash 1929: The stock market crash rippled throughout the economy
Bank Failures: Nearly 700 banks failed in waning months of 1929 and more than 3,000 collapsed in Federal deposit insurance was unheard of. Instead, when banks failed, people lost their money
Reduction in purchasing: With their investments worthless, their savings diminished or depleted, and credit tight to nonexistent, spending by consumers and companies alike ground to a standstill
American economic policy with Europe: Vowing to protect U.S. industry from overseas competitors, Congress passed the Tariff Act of The measure imposed near-record tax rates on a wide range of imported goods. A number of American trading partners retaliated by imposing tariffs on U.S.-made goods. As a result, world trade fell by two-thirds between 1929 and 1934
A years-long drought coupled with poor farming practices created a vast region from southeast Colorado to the Texas panhandle that came to be called the Dust Bowl. Massive dust storms choked towns, killing crops and livestock, sickening people and causing untold millions in damage

15. Depression: a period of low economic activity and rising unemployment Great depression: Speculative stock trading and global slowdown caused an over-production and growing inventory leading to bank failures and a world wide depression
US wanted loans paid back, Allies could not pay until reparations were paid and Germany defaulted
Speculative trading and run on the banks
Over production due to global slowdown, nobody was buying-resulted in a growing inventory
Now:
FDIC
Stock Market shuts itself down
Pause in trading
Reserve cash

17. LESSON 2 & 3 THE RISE OF DICTATORIAL REGIMES Hitler & Nazi Germany

18. The treaty that ended World War I and the economic depression that followed contributed to the rise of dictatorships in Europe and Asia
Totalitarian state: characterized by the governments aim to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens

19. Italy: Mussolini
Italy developed the first major dictatorship in Europe
In 1919 Benito Mussolini founded Italy’s Fascist Party
Fascism was a kind of aggressive nationalism.

20. Italy: Mussolini
Fascists believed that the nation was more important than the individual, and that a nation became great by expanding its territory and building its military.
Fascists were anti-Communist which made the Catholic Church and businesses support them.
Backed by the militia known as Blackshirts, Mussolini became the premier of Italy and set up a dictatorship

21. Russia: Stalin
Following Lenin’s death in 1924, Joseph Stalin had become the new Soviet dictator
In 1927 he began a massive effort to industrialize the country.
As a result of Stalin’s policies in the 1930’s, millions of Russians either were executed or died from hunger during the forced collectivization of Soviet agriculture or brutal conditions in labor camps called Gulags in Siberia
Many political opponents were purged or executed

22. Germany: Hitler
After World War I, the political and economic chaos in Germany led to the rise of new political parties
The Nazi Party was nationalistic and anti- Communist

23. Germany: Hitler
Adolf Hitler, a member of the Nazi Party, called for the unification of all Germans under one government.
He believed certain Germans were part of a Aryan “master race” destined to rule the world.

24. Germany: Hitler
While imprisoned for staging an uprising at beer hall in Munich, Bavaria in 1923, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf, a book in which he outlined his future plans and philosophies
He wanted Eastern Europeans enslaved
He blamed Jews for many of the world’s problems.
He wanted to conquer Russia for additional land for Germany’s expanding population

25. Germany: Hitler
When he got out of prison, Hitler and his Nazis tried to gain power democratically
He gained votes for the Nazi Party by appealing to German peoples outrage over the terms of the Versailles Treaty, fears about Communism, and promising to end the Great Depression
After winning a majority in the Reichstag (parliament) in 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor (prime minister) of Germany.
Storm troopers intimidated voters of other political parties such as the Communists and the Reichstag gave Hitler dictatorial powers which he used to destroy all political opposition
In 1934, Germany’s president died and Hitler took over his job as well becoming the Fuhrer (leader)

26. Japan
Difficult economic times in Japan after World War I undermined the country’s political system
Because Japan is a resource poor country, many Japanese Army officers and businessmen wanted to seize territory to gain needed resources

27. Japan
In 1931 the Japanese army, without the government’s permission, invaded the resource-rich Chinese province of Manchuria.
The military took control of Japan by intimidating the civilian government, the Emperor Hirohito did not protest either

28. The Peoples Car (VW) 1935 Peoples car
AH DID BRING Germany out of the depression

29. 1937 Nuremberg