1. The Industrial Revolution
Hardships of Early Industrial Life

2. The Rise of Industrial Cities
Urbanization- movement of people from the countryside to cities
Manchester- 17,000 people in 1750: 70,000 in 1801
The rise of slums- overcrowded poor living in dirt and disease. No running water, sanitation system or garbage removal

3. The Factory system
Rigid discipline- people must work while the engine is working- 16 hr days
Danger from machines
Breathing hazards from coal dust and cotton lint
Sick or injured workers lost their jobs

4. Women and Labor
Women were preferred to men- more easily adaptable to machines, easier to manage than men
They could be paid less for the same work

5. Child Labor Children could work in small spaces
Changing spools, climbing through narrow mine shafts
Often, orphans were hired to work for food- getting beaten if they didn’t work fast enough

6. The Working Class
Protests and Riots- at first by artisans whose jobs were being taken by machines
These protesters were called “Luddites”
Luddites were hanged or sent to Australia’s penal colony
All attempts at unionizing (organizing) were met with harsh discipline

7. The Spread of Methodism
Founded in mid 1700s by John Wesley
Stressed the need for a personal sense of faith
Improve life by adopting sober, moral ways
Methodism channeled workers’ anger away from Revolution and towards social reform

8. The New Middle Class Made up of entrepreneurs, artisans, merchants
Lived in nice homes, dressed and ate well
Opposed to labor unions or factory regulation
Valued hard work and “getting ahead”