1. The Age of Exploration 1400 - 1700
What were the main factors that contributed to the rise or European exploration of the world?

3. I. Why did Europeans decide to explore?
Trade with Asia (China)
The Silk Road – trade route from Asia to Europe
Europeans were buying lots of silk, spices, other goods from Asia
Mongol Empire collapses – local rulers imposed new taxes
Ottoman Turks conquer Byzantine Empire and will not let Italians reach their trading posts on the Black Sea.
Solution? FIND A WATER ROUTE TO EAST ASIA

4. Why did Europeans begin to explore? 2
B. The three Gs 1. God: to spread their religion to new areas 2. Gold: spices, silk, literally gold, land, etc. Increase the country’s wealth. 3. Glory: The explorers and the kings/queens (monarchs) could receive a lot of fame and glory for exploring successfully. C. New technology 1. Astrolabe: ancient Greek device - finds latitudes 2. Compass: Chinese invention - finds magnetic north 3. Caravel (Portuguese ship) - faster a. triangular sails, many and smaller masts, new rudder

5. Explorers & Conquistadors
Sailor Area Mapped/Discovered Accomplishment Country for Which he Sailed Dias de Gama Columbus Cabral Magellan Cartier Hudson Cook Pizzaro Cortes

6. Explorers & Conquistadors
Sailor Area Mapped/Discovered Accomplishment Country for Which he Sailed Dias Western Africa found S. tip of Africa Portugal de Gama Africa & India 1st to India Portugal Columbus Atlantic/Caribbean Found the Americas Spain Cabral S. America Claimed Brazil for Port. Portugal Magellan across Pacific Circumnavigate globe Spain Cartier St. Lawrence River/Can. Founded Montreal France Hudson New York Hudson R. England Cook (pg.64 ) Pacific claimed Australia England Pizzaro Western coast of S.A conq. Incas Spain Cortes E & central Mexico conq. Aztecs Spain

7. Portuguese Caravel

8. Why did Europeans begin to explore? 3
D. Availability of new better/more maps 1. During Renaissance Europeans studied ancient maps and books 2. Claudius Ptolemy’s Geography reprinted IN Europe a. gave us longitude/latitude & other ideas about cartography or mapmaking. 3. Al - Idrisi (Arab geographer) published maps in 1154 showing East Africa and the Indian Ocean.

9. Challenges Faced by Explorers
Fresh food and water
Lack of accurate maps
Storms
Despair and mutiny
Unfriendly natives

10. Exploration begins (early 1400s)
Portuguese Exploration
A. England and France at war , Spain vs. Muslims, Portugal takes advantage of the opportunity to explore.
B Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal - research center for cartographers, sailors, and shipbuilders.
C – Portugal maps the African coastline. Colonizes the Azores and Cape Verde Islands.
1. Uses islands to grow sugarcane.
2. Begin enslaving Africans to work sugarcane fields.
D. Line of Demarcation – Divided the New World north to south down middle of Atlantic.
1. Treaty of Tordesillas – renegotiated the line of demarcation for unhappy Portuguese.

11. Major European Explorers
Vasco da Gama – p.661 Christopher Columbus p. 661 Ferdinand Magellan – p. 661 Jacques Cartier – p. 664 Hernan Cortes – p. 596 Francisco Pizzaro – p. 599

12. Explorer Letter Activity
With your group/partner, draft a letter on notebook paper in which you pretend to be one of the early European explorers. Make sure all of your names are on the paper. The letter is written to the monarch for whom your explorer sailed. In the letter, ask the queen/king of the country the explorer sailed for to pay for/invest in the exploration. For instance, Christopher Columbus, an Italian, sailed for King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. Ferdinand Magellan’s plan for exploration was turned down by Manuel I of Portugal. However, King Charles V of Spain decided to finance the journey. Topics to be covered in the letter include potential benefits of the exploration as well as risks involved. Display a good knowledge of the exploration topics we have covered in class as well as from your research in order to convince the queen/king to invest in your exploration. Structure of the Letter Paragraph 1: Introduction and what are you looking for in this voyage? Paragraph 2: If you (the explorer) find it, how will it benefit your country (3Gs)? Paragraph 3: What risks/dangers are involved and how will you overcome them? (think about technology from the textbook and notes) (paragraph 3) Paragraph 4: Include biographical facts about your explorer and his experience. Paragraph 5: Brief conclusion REMEMBER – YOU are the explorer. Talk about your homeland, who may already have turned you down, etc. Personalize the letter for the explorer.

13. Christopher Columbus
…and I saw the Moorish king come out of the gates of the city and kiss the royal hands of Your Highnesses…and Your Highnesses, as Catholic Christians…took thought to send me, Christopher Columbus, to the said parts of India, to see those princes and peoples and lands…and the manner which should be used to bring about their conversion to our holy faith, and ordained that I should not go by land to the eastward, by which way it was the custom to go, but by way of the west, by which down to this day we do not know certainly that anyone has passed; therefore, having driven out all the Jews from your realms and lordships in the same month of January, Your Highnesses commanded me that, with a sufficient fleet, I should go to the said parts of India, and for this accorded me great rewards and ennobled me so that from that time henceforth I might style myself “Don” and be high admiral of the Ocean Sea and viceroy and perpetual Governor of the islands and continent which I should discover…and that my eldest son should succeed to the same position, and so on from generation to generation forever.

14. Jacques Cartier – Primary Source

15. Letter of Hernan Cortes to Charles V 1520 Second Letter
IN ORDER, most potent Sire, to convey to your Majesty a just conception of the great extent of this noble city of Temixtitlan, and of the many rare and wonderful objects it contains; of the government and dominions of Moctezuma, the sovereign: of the religious rights and customs that prevail, and the order that exists in this as well as the other cities appertaining to his realm: it would require the labor of many accomplished writers, and much time for the completion of the task. I shall not be able to relate an hundredth part of what could be told respecting these matters; but I will endeavor to describe, in the best manner in my power, what I have myself seen; and imperfectly as I may succeed in the attempt, I am fully aware that the account will appear so wonderful as to be deemed scarcely worthy of credit; since even we who have seen these things with our own eyes, are yet so amazed as to be unable to comprehend their reality. But your Majesty may be assured that if there is any fault in my relation, either in regard to the present subject, or to any other matters of which I shall give your Majesty an account, it will arise from too great brevity rather than extravagance or prolixity in the details; and it seems to me but just to my Prince and Sovereign to declare the truth in the clearest manner, without saying anything that would detract from it, or add to it. Before I begin to describe this great city and the others already mentioned, it may be well for the better understanding of the subject to say something of the configuration of Mexico, in which they are situated, it being the principal seat of Moctezuma's power. This Province is in the form of a circle, surrounded on all sides by lofty and rugged mountains; its level surface comprises an area of about seventy leagues in circumference, including two lakes, that overspread nearly the whole valley, being navigated by boats more than fifty leagues round. One of these lakes contains fresh and the other, which is the larger of the two, salt water. On one side of the lakes, in the middle of the valley, a range of highlands divides them from one another, with the exception of a narrow strait which lies between the highlands and the lofty sierras. This strait is a bow-shot wide, and connects the two lakes; and by this means a trade is carried on between the cities and other settlements on the lakes in canoes without the necessity of traveling by land. As the salt lake rises and falls with its tides like the sea, during the time of high water it pours into the other lake with the rapidity of a powerful stream; and on the other hand, when the tide has ebbed, the water runs from the fresh into the salt lake.

16. Be the explorer!!!! Example Letter
To the most excellent and sovereign Charles V, It is with great respect that I, your humble servant Ferdinand Magellan, present to you a plan to bring wealth and honor to Spain…….. Ferdinand Magellan 1419

17. Major Explorers & Conquistadors
Christopher Columbus – 1st to sail west looking for new trade route to Asia. Credited with discovering “the Americas.” Italian that sailed for Spain Vasco de Gama – 1st European to sail around the south of Africa and reach India. Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan – Led first expedition to completely circumnavigate the world. Killed in Philippines by natives. Portuguese, sailed for Spain.1519 Jacques Cartier – Explored the St. Lawrence River for France Henry Hudson – Explored Hudson River for England 1610 Pedro Alvarez Cabral- found Brazil for Portugal in 1500 Francisco Pizzarro – Conquered Incan empire for Spain Hernan Cortes – Conquered Aztecs for Spain. 1519

18. Phillip: Will you marry me
Phillip: Will you marry me? Queen Elizabeth I: No, and soon I’ll destroy your empire.
The queen also supported Dutch protestants in their rebellion against Catholic Spain.

19. The Race for Wealth and Power – Defeat of Spanish Armada - 1588
England Challenges Spain’s Power
Privateers:
Queen Elizabeth I allowed private British sailors to engage in piracy against the enemies of England.
These private sailors = privateers or commonly “sea dogs.”
Sir Walter Raleigh (Raleigh, NC) and Sir Francis Drake
Sea Dogs attacked Spanish ships sailing back to Spain with treasure from the Americas.
English navy defeated Spanish armada in 1588.
Armada sailed into narrow English channel.
Armada was large, powerful, and difficult to turn.
English navy was lighter and easier to maneuver.
Defeat of the Armada encouraged England to establish colonies in America
(Roanoke, NC 1587 & Jamestown, VA 1607).

20. Economic Results of Exploration
Mercantilism: the idea that a country gains power by building its supply of gold and silver.
Export: selling to other countries
Import: buying from other countries
Countries wanted to export > import.
Rise of Colonialism
Inevitable result of exploration = establishing colonies.
Colony: a settlement of people living in a new territory controlled by their home country.
Colonies produce goods/raw materials that the home country doesn’t have.
Those goods don’t have to be imported from competitors

21. Commerce or Commercial Revolution
Commerce = buying and selling of goods over long distances.
Mercantilism resulted in European trading posts & colonies in Asia and the Americas.
1590s - Spain claims Philippines.
Spain shipped silver from S. America --- Philippines and then used it to buy Asian spices and silk.
Then they sold the silk and spices to other Europeans.
Good for Spain, bad for rivals (export > import)
The Portuguese, French, English, and Dutch (Netherlands) set up colonies as well.
Tremendous increase in commerce = Commercial Revolution

22. You teach today
Group 1: Seeds for Capitalism. Cottage Industry, & A Global Exchange pgs Group 2: The Slave Trade, Labor Shortage, & Slavery Within Africa pgs Group 3: European Slave Trade & Triangle Trade pgs. 87 – 88 Group 4: Middle Passage & Resistance pgs. 89 & 90 Read the information again with your group. Note key words, people, and ideas. Prepare a short lesson for the class on your sections. You have 25 minutes to prepare. Presentations should be 4-6 minutes. Draw charts, visuals, symbols with brief explanations. DO NOT get up and write out complete sentences.

23. Types of Colonies trading-post colonies - France
outposts set up for the purpose of trade
French colonies were primarily trading-posts
plantation colonies – England & Spain
characterized by large estates growing 1 or 2 cash crops
slave labor used to farm the land
settler colonies - England
territories were governed by the home country
wanted to attract large numbers of people to establish control of the region

24. Types of Colonies New Spain New France
ruled by viceroys (royal governors)
encomienda system – used Native Americans as slaves
New France
small population
mainly fur trappers and Catholic missionaries
lived among the Native Americans and respected their culture

25. Types of Colonies English colonies
some started for profit (Jamestown) and some started for religious reasons (Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay)
all wanted charters that stated rights and freedoms
Mayflower Compact
small farms in the north, large plantations in the south
colonies had royal governors but also had representative assemblies
took Dutch territory New Amsterdam, renamed New York, in 1664 and also took most of New France after the French and Indian War ( )

26. European Colonization on the Americas

27. The Columbian Exchange

28. Commercial Revolution
Commerce
Buying and selling goods over long distance.
Colonization brought about a “revolution” in commerce
Very expensive to do business across the world.
Joint stock companies created to share costs of business.
Entrepreneurs buy shares in a company
If voyage succeeds shareholders make money
If voyage fails shareholders lose money

29. Effects of Commercial Revolution
What were the effects of this new commercial revolution?
rise of the middle class – group of people, mainly merchants and artisans, who made their money by investing or working in commerce and trade
the “seeds of capitalism” were beginning to be sown
build up money (capital) to invest
markets to sell goods
belief in free enterprise

30. Capitalism
Capital is money invested in business Capitalism is an economic system in which private citizens own businesses and share in the profits. Free enterprise is the freedom of businesses to operate w/o govt. interference

31. Colonizing and Expanding Trade is Expensive $$$$$$$$$$$
To engage in commerce – trading of goods over long distances – merchants needed $.
Merchants had to buy goods and materials, store them, ship them overseas, and know what people in other lands wanted to buy.
Entrepreneurs began to invest money into a project. The goal was to make a profit when the project is done.
Some projects were so large multiple investors were needed so they created joint stock companies.
Joint stock companies were companies that sold stocks in order to raise money for their projects.
British East India Company
Dutch East India Company.

32. Spanish and Portuguese owned trade with India until the destruction of the Spanish Armada in Then the British and Dutch East India Companies moved in.

33. Development of cottage industries
Merchants shipped materials from colonies back to the home country. The materials were then made into goods to be sold at a profit. The artisans that made the materials charged too much and couldn’t keep up anyway. Merchants then asked peasants to make goods like turning wool into cloth. Peasants lived in cottages so this was called the rise of “cottage industry.”