1. The skeletal system is made up of organs called bones
The skeletal system is made up of organs called bones. An adult has 206 bones.
Functions of bones:
Framework
Protection
Levers
Production of blood cells
Storage

4. Long Bones (arms and legs)
Diaphysis - long shaft
Epiphysis - ends of bone
Medullary canal - cavity inside the diaphysis
Endosteum - lines the medullary canal and keeps yellow marrow intact
Periosteum - covers outside of bone,contains osteoblasts (cells that form new bone)
Yellow marrow - storage of fat cells and contains cells that will form leukocytes
Red Marrow - found in certain bones, produces erythrocytes, platelets, and some leukocytes, used to diagnose blood diseases, and sometimes transplanted in other people
Articular cartilage - cartilage that covers the epiphysis and acts as a shock absorber

5. Skeletal system is divided into two sections:
Appendicular skeleton - shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle, leg bones
Axial skeleton - main trunk of the body, skull, spinal column, ribs, breastbone

6. Arms: Humerus - upper arm Radius - lower arm on thumb side
Ulna - larger bone of lower arm
Carpals - 8, wrist bones
Metacarpals - 5, palm
Phalanges - 14, fingers

7. Legs: Femur - thigh Patella - kneecap
Tibia - larger bone of lower leg (shin bone)
Fibula - the slender smaller bone of lower leg (attaches to tibia)

8. Feet: Tarsals - 7, ankle bones Metatarsals - 5, foot Phalanges - 14
Calcaneus - heel bone (a large tarsal bone)

9. Spinal Column
The spinal column is made up of 26 bones called vertebrae.
Cervical region
Thoracic region
Lumbar region
Sacral region
Coccygeal region

10. The cranium - At birth, the cranium is not solid bone.
Fontanels - spaces that allow for the enlargement of the skull as the brain grows, made of membrane and cartilage and turn into solid bone around 18 months of age.

11. The Cranium (continued)
Sutures - areas where the cranial bones have joined together
Foramina - openings in bone that allows
nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave

12. Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
Kyphosis - rounded bowing of the back at the thoracic area, “hunchback”

13. Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
Lordosis - inward curvature of the lumbar region, “swayback”

14. Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
Scoliosis - side to side curvature

15. What can cause abnormal spinal curvatures?
Birth defects, malnutrition, degeneration of the vertebrae, structural defects, poor posture
Forms of treatment - therapeutic exercises, braces, firm mattresses. Severe deformities may require surgical repair.

16. Spelling Words appendicular metacarpals metatarsals os coxae phalanges
epiphysis
foramina
periosteum
clavicles
endosteum