1. Articulations
CH 8

2. Outline Anatomical design Joint Classifications Movements
Degree of joint motion
Type of motion
Degree of joint stability
Joint Classifications
Structural joints
Functional joints
Movements
Synovial Joint Classification

3. Articulations “artic” = Joint Union of articulating bone
Bone-bone interactions
Direct
Indirect
Cartilage, fibrous CT, fluid
Anatomical design determines
Degree of joint motion
Type of motion
Degree of joint stability

4. Degree of Joint Motion

5. Type of Motion

6. Mobility vs Stability
Inversely related

7. Joint Classifications
2 categorizations of joints
Structural classification
Space between bones
Amount of space
Contents of space
Functional classification
Degree of motion

8. Structural Classification
Categorization based on amount of space and contents of space
4 categories
Bony fusion
Fibrous joint
Cartilaginous joint
Synovial joint

9. Bony Fusion Space Space contents Degree of motion Example
No space between bones
No joint cavity
Space contents
None, bones completely fused
Degree of motion
No movement
Very stable
Example
Portions of Coxal bone & sacrum
Frontal bone

10. Bony Fusion

11. Fibrous Joint Space Space contents Degree of motion Example
Little space
No joint cavity
Space contents
Fibrous CT
Degree of motion
Immovable to slightly movement
Stable
Example
Cranial sutures, pelvis (sacrum/ coxal bone)
No Mobility

12. Fibrous Joint
Virtually no mobility

13. Cartilaginous Joint Space Space contents Degree of motion Example
Little space
No joint cavity
Space contents
Cartilage
Degree of motion
Immovable to slightly movable
Stable
Example
Intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis, sternocostal

14. Cartilaginous Joint

15. Synovial Joint Space Space contents Degree of motion Example Yes!
Joint cavity
Space contents
Synovial fluid
Held together w/ bands of dense regular CT- ligaments
Degree of motion
Freely moveable
Least stable- high motility
Example
Knee, elbow, fingers, shoulder

16. Synovial Joint

17. Functional Classification
Categorization based on motility of joint
3 Categories
Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

18. Synarthrosis
“syn” together “arthr” joint
Motility
none

19. Amphiarthrosis
“amphi” both sides
Motility
Slightly movable

20. Diarthrosis “dia” Through Motility Structural classification
Freely movable
Structural classification
Synovial joints (6)
Hip, knee, shoulder, elbow

21. Synovial Joints 6 types Categorized based on
Shape of articulating surfaces
Movements produced

22. Movements Gliding Angular Rotation Misc Flexion/ extension
Abduction/ adduction
Circumduction
Rotation
Medial/ lateral
Misc
Elevation/ depression
Protraction/ retraction
Inversion/ eversion
Pronation/ supination
Dorsiflexion/ plantar flexion
Opposition

23. Gliding Linear motion One plane of motion
2 opposing surfaces pass one another
Examples
Clavicle & sternum

24. Angular Changes in longitudinal position of bone Flexion/ Extension
Abduction/ Adduction
Circumduction

25. Flexion/ Extension/ Hyperextension
Anterior plane
Flexion
decrease in angle btw bones
Extension
increase in angle btw bones
Hyperextension
extension beyond the standard anatomical position

26. Flexion/ Extension/ Hyperextension

27. Flexion/ Extension/ Hyperextension

28. Abduction/ Adduction Frontal plane Abduction Adduction
Movement away from midline
Adduction
Movement toward midline

29. Abduction/ Adduction

30. Circumduction Combination of movements Flexion Extension Abduction
Adduction

31. Rotation Spin along a longitudinal axis Medial rotation
Anterior surface
Rotates toward the midline
Lateral rotation
Posterior surface
Rotates away from the midline

32. Rotation

33. Elevation & Depression
Superior & inferior bone movement
Ex. Scapula, mandible

34. Protraction & Retraction
Anterior & posterior bone movement
Ex. Mandible

35. Inversion & Eversion Inversion Eversion
Inward movement of functional surface
Sole of foot
Eversion
Outward movement of functional surface

36. Pronation & Supination
Posterior of functional surface
ie eversion of foot, medial rotation of forearm
Supination
Anterior rotation of functional surface
ie Inversion of foot, lateral rotation of forearm

37. Dorsiflexion & Plantar Flexion
Dorisiflexion
Movement of the foot upward
Plantar flexion
Movement of the foot downward

38. Synovial Joint Classification
Gliding joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Ellipsoidal joint
Saddle joint
Ball & socket joint

39. Gliding Joint Movement Examples Linear movement Sternum & clavicle
Tarsals
Ribs & vertebrae
Carpals

40. Hinge Joint Movement Examples Flexion/ extension/ hyperextension Elbow
Knee

41. Pivot Joint Movement Example Medial/ lateral rotation Axis & atlas
Radius & ulna

42. Ellipsoidal Joint Aka Condylar
Articulating surface- rounded surface articulates w/ a depression
Movement
Flexion/ Extension
Adduction/ abduction
Circumduction
Example
Wrist- radius & carpals
Phalanges & metacarpals

43. Saddle Joint Articulating surface- saddle shaped Movement Example
Flexion/ extension
Adduction/ abduction
Circumduction
Opposition
Example
Metacarpals I & carpal I (pollex)

44. Ball & Socket Joint Articulating surface- round surface & depression
Movement
Flexion/ extension
Adduction/ abduction
Circumduction
Rotation
Example
Shoulder
Hip