1. Aim: How does selective breeding affect genetic variation?
Do Now: DNA Regents Questions
HW #1: Selective Breeding

2. Meet the Super Cow 1. Describe the cow in the video clip.
2. What procedure produced this cow?
3. Describe the process of selective breeding.

3. Engineer a Crop: Selective Breeding http://www. pbs
In the past, farmers saved their best seeds and planted them the following growing season. By doing so, the next season’s crops would be slightly bigger, or sweeter, or more resistant to disease. The change was slight, but over many generations, crops did change significantly.
Hypothesize: If you keep selecting the seed from the biggest ear of corn, what should happen to the overall size of the corn as you move through each growing season?

4. Selective Breeding
Use natural reproduction to obtain desired characteristics
Select for desirable traits in offspring by choosing organisms of the same species to mate

5. Real Life Examples of Selective Breeding
Dairy farmers may choose to mate only cows that give the most milk
Seedless Fruit
Purebred Animals
Wild Mustard Plant
Hypoallergenic Cat

7. Real Example of Selective Breeding
Hybrid = +
Horse
Donkey
Mule
Big, Fast,
Excitable
Small, Slow,
Calm
Strong, Endurance,
Calm

8. Real Example of Selective Breeding
In 1872, Luther Burbank developed a new potato. While trying to improve the Irish potato, Burbank developed a hybrid that was disease resistant. He introduced the Burbank potato to Ireland to help combat the potato famine.
Disease Resistant Potato
Disease resistant potato + Food-producing potato  Burbank hybrid

9. Advantages:
Desirable traits
Resistance to disease
Seedless fruit
Bigger crops
Disadvantages:
Decreases variation
Recessive genetic disorders increase
Ex. Hip dysplasia in certain dog breeds.

10. Aim: How can DNA be Used to Create Genetically Identical Individuals?
Do Now: Selective Breeding Do Now
HW #2: Cloning 10

11. Cloning and the Tasmanian Tiger

12. Clone
An organism that is genetically identical to the organism from which it was produced.
Asexual Reproduction 12

13. Animals that Have Been Cloned
Sheep (Dolly)
Cat (Beaker)
Frog
Salamander
Mouse
Hello Dolly!! 13

14. 14

15. How is Cloning Done?
The nucleus of a body cell from the desired organism is removed.
An egg cell from an adult female sheep is removed. (The nucleus of the egg cell is removed)
The nucleus and egg cell are joined using an electric shock to form an embryo
4. The dividing embryo is placed inside a surrogate mother and the pregnancy begins.
5. Birth of clone
Who will the clone be genetically identical to:
nucleus donor
egg cell donor
surrogate mother 15

16. Reasons to Clone Organisms
Revive endangered or extinct species
2) Reproduce a
deceased pet
3) Cloning livestock
4) Drug Production
4) Cloning in medicine
Cloning animal models of disease
Cloning to make stem cells 16

17. Reasons NOT to Clone Success rate in cloning is quite low
Ethical/Moral issues – “playing God”
Legal issues - how should cloning technologies be regulated
Social issues – impact of cloning technologies on society as a whole.

18. Cloning Summary ?

19. What color will the baby be? Why?
Body Cell (Nucleus) Donor
Egg Cell Donor
Surrogate Mother
Cloned offspring – where the nucleus comes from determines the color 19

20. Scientists have cloned sheep but have not yet cloned a human
Scientists have cloned sheep but have not yet cloned a human.  The best explanation for this situation is that
the technology to clone humans has not been explored
human reproduction is very different from that of other mammals
there are many ethical problems involved in cloning humans
cloning humans would take too long

21. The diagram below represents the process used in 1996 to clone the first mammal, a sheep named Dolly.
Which statement concerning Dolly is correct?
1. Gametes from sheep A and sheep B were united to produce Dolly.
2. The chromosome makeup of Dolly is identical to that of sheep A.
3. Both Dolly and sheep C have identical DNA.
4. Dolly contains genes from sheep B and sheep C.

22. Modern technology could be used to clone pet dogs and cats
Modern technology could be used to clone pet dogs and cats. The cloned animals would resemble the original pets because
1. the genes of the new animals are different from those of the original pets
2. half of the genetic information of the new animals is the same as that of the original pets
3. the new animals have mutations not found in the original pets
4. the new animals have the same genetic information as the original pets

23. Cloning Animals – Recipe for Resurrection http://ngm

24. 24

25. Aim: How can a gene be altered?
Do Now: Regents Review Questions
HW# 3: Genetic Engineering 25

26. Gene – DNA Base Sequence
Review - Genes
Gene – DNA Base Sequence
Protein
Trait
The genetic base sequence codes for proteins, which determine our traits. 26

27. What Is a Genetically Modified Food. http://www. scientificamerican
Genetically modified foods have been demonized in recent years by health advocates and environmentalists alike. If we look at the history of food cultivation, however, it is apparent we've been eating them all along. SA editor Eric R. Olson explains.

28. The Genetic Code is Universal!
All living organisms…
use the same DNA
use the same code book
read their genes the same way (protein synthesis in the ribosomes)
Strong evidence for a single origin in evolutionary theory!
Strong evidence for a single origin in evolutionary theory. 28

29. Process used to alter the genetic code of an organism
Genetic Engineering
Process used to alter the genetic code of an organism
Glowing Green Protein
ANDi
Science 360: Designer Foods
Science 360: Genetic Engineering (Insulin) 29

30. Why do Scientists Genetically Engineer Organisms?
Medical Reasons
It allows organisms to produce new proteins beneficial for humans
human insulin
human growth hormone (HGH) 30

31. How is Genetic Engineering Accomplished?
Identify gene
Using an enzyme, cut DNA in both organisms
Using the enzyme, insert new gene into organism
Organism reads gene as if it were its own
Organism produces NEW protein  NEW TRAIT
New inserted gene causes the organism to produce a new protein (ex: insulin, HGH) 31

32. Restriction Enzymes
Scissor-like enzymes that cut DNA at specific base sequence sites
Restriction enzymes
used by bacteria to cut up DNA of attacking viruses
Ex. EcoRI, HindIII, BamHI
Cut creates “sticky end” 32

33. Real Life Uses of Genetic Engineering
Genetically modified organisms (GMO)
enables organisms to produce new proteins
Protect crops from insects: BT corn
corn produces a toxin that kills corn caterpillar
Extend growing season: fishberries
strawberries contain an anti-freezing gene from flounder
Improve quality of food: golden rice
rice producing vitamin A improves
nutritional value
Bt Corn:
Super Salmon:
Article: 33

34. Summary: The Process of Genetic Engineering
1. gene from human cut with enzyme +
4. recombinant DNA is inserted into a bacteria
3. recombinant DNA
2. Bacterial
plasmid cut with enzyme
5. Bacteria reproduce (asexual)
6. Extract protein 34

35. 1. What process is represented by the diagram above?
2. What is used to “cut” and “glue” the DNA?
3. Name a specific substance that can be produced by genetic engineering and explain how it is beneficial to humans.
4. What type of reproduction is represented by A? 35

36. Aim: How are DNA Fingerprints Used to Identify People?
Do Now: DNA Regents Questions
HW #4: Gel Electrophoresis
Biotechnology Test Thursday 36

37. What Role does DNA Evidence Play in Solving Crimes?

38. Gel Electrophoresis
Technique used to separate DNA based on size using an electrical field
Uses of Gel Electrophoresis
Forensics
Medical diagnostics
Paternity
Evolutionary relationships 38

39. Where do Scientists Find DNA to Compare?
Trace amounts of DNA are found in the following samples:
Blood Tissue
Semen
Urine
Hair
Teeth Saliva Bone

40. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Developed by Kary Mullis in 1983
DNA Amplification - Used to produce large amounts of DNA from trace amounts of DNA
BioRad PCR Video:
BioRad GTAC Video:
PCR Virtual Lab:

41. “swimming through gel”
Gel Electrophoresis
DNA moves in an electrical field
Why? DNA is Negatively charged
Being negatively charged, DNA moves towards the positive side
The SIZE of a DNA fragment affects how far it travels
Small pieces are Swift and travel farther
Large pieces travel slower & Lag behind
DNA        – +
Large
Small
“swimming through gel” 41

42. The Steps - Gel Electrophoresis
DNA is cut with specific restriction enzymes into different sized fragments.
DNA fragments are loaded into wells of the gel.
Electric current is passed through the gel making one side + charged and one side – charged.
Gel Electrophoresis – CS Harbor Simulation: 42

43. The Steps - Gel Electrophoresis
DNA is negatively charged and moves through the gel to the positive side.
This electric current causes DNA to separate based on size.
Smaller segments move faster than the larger segments and appear as bands
Consider this analogy. Imagine that all the desks and chairs in the classroom have been randomly pushed together. An individual student can wind his/her way through the maze quickly and with little difficulty, whereas a string of four students would require more time and have difficulty working their way through the maze. 43

44. Analyzing Gel Electrophoresis
Ex. Forensics
suspects
crime scene sample S1 S2 S3 V –
DNA  +
Alan Newton Interview – The Innocence Project 44

45. Analyzing Gel Electrophoresis
Ex. Paternity Results