1. Modern World History Aggressors Invade Nations
Chapter 15, Section 4

2. Agenda To Get: To Do: Guided notes from the back shelf
Guided notes from LAST TWO CLASSES
To Do:
Opener: Review Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin
Definitions
Lecture: Aggressors Invade Nations
Activities: Rape of Nanjing

3. Opener Review: Notes from last two classes!
A form of government where a single leader controls all aspects of social, economic and political life.
2. He used his speaking public speaking abilities to appeal to a nations emotions and gain political power.
3. Fascism was an extreme form of _____________________ that emphasized glory and resistance to outside threats.
4. He ruled by fear, developed industries, and used collectivization with forced labor to final modernize and compete with other European nations.  
5. Name the protest painting that Picasso painted to oppose Hitler and Mussolini’s involvement in the Spanish Civil War.
6. Why did it not make sense for Hitler to bomb this specific location? What was the actual reason?
7. Name two things that defined the “new woman” during the interwar years.
8. What was a main cause of post-war inflation? (why did things get more expensive?)
9. What two objects did many Americans own that influenced cultural change after the war?
10. Name the two types of political extremism that developed during this time.

4. Opener Review: Notes from last two classes!
A form of government where a single leader controls all aspects of social, economic and political life.
TOTALITARIANISM
2. He used his speaking public speaking abilities to appeal to a nations emotions and gain political power.
HITLER
3. Fascism was an extreme form of _____________________ that emphasized glory and resistance to outside threats.
NATIONALISM
4. He ruled by fear, developed industries, and used collectivization with forced labor to final modernize and compete with other European nations.  
STALIN
5. Name the protest painting that Picasso painted to oppose Hitler and Mussolini’s involvement in the Spanish Civil War.
GUERNICA

5. 6. Why did it not make sense for Hitler to bomb this specific location
6. Why did it not make sense for Hitler to bomb this specific location? What was the actual reason? CIVILIANS – HARD GROUP TO CONTROL (BASQUE) – TESTING NEW TECHNIQUES 7. Name two things that defined the “new woman” during the interwar years. WHITE COLLAR JOBS, FEWER CHILDREN, AIDED BY MACHINES 8. What was a main cause of post-war inflation? (why did things get more expensive?) PRINTED MONEY INSTEAD OF RAISING TAXES / BAD LOANS AND INVESTMENTS 9. What objects did many Americans own that influenced cultural change after the war? RADIO AND CAR 10. Name the two types of political extremism that developed during this time. COMMUNISM AND FACISM

6. Introduction
By the mid-1930s, Germany and Italy seemed bent on military conquest
The major democracies—Britain, France, and the United States—were distracted by economic problems at home and longed to remain at peace
With the world moving toward war, many nations pinned their hopes for peace on the League of Nations
Fascism spread in Europe; Japan moved toward a similar system in Asia

7. Japanese Dominance Escalates in the Pacific
Some historians argue that WWII started in 1931
Started before they became fascist
Invaded Manchuria in 1931
Enslaved or killed citizens
Occupied coal mines and factories
Invaded China in 1937
Rape of Nanking
Official start of WWII is 1939, this will be the start of Japan’s involvement.
War for control of East Asia – Japan needed land and resources to compete with western nations.

8. Japan’s Democratic Government
During the 1920s, the Japanese government became more democratic
1922, signed treaty agreeing to respect China’s borders
In 1928, it signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war
Japan parliamentary weaknesses
strict limits on the powers of the prime minister and the cabinet
civilian leaders had little control over the military
Military leaders reported only to the emperor
Campaign Poster
for a 1928 election
In Japan

9. Militarists Take Control of Japan
Civilian controlled government blamed for Great Depression, 1929
Militarists wanted to restore traditional control of the government to the military
Militarists made the emperor the symbol of state power
Emperor Hirohito as head of state won popular support for the army leaders who ruled in his name
Japan’s militarists were extreme nationalists.
They wanted to solve the country’s economic problems through foreign expansion

11. Japan Invades Manchuria
Wanted to conquer China for raw materials, markets and room for expansion
Japanese businesses had invested heavily in Manchuria
rich in iron and coal
1931—seized Manchuria: set up a puppet government
Japanese engineers and technicians began arriving in large numbers to build mines and factories

12. Response: League of Nations
Attack on Manchuria was the first direct challenge to the League of Nations
League’s members included all major democracies except the United States
The League included Germany, Japan, and Italy
Many League members protested; Japan withdrew from the League in 1933

13. Four years after Manchuria Japan swept into northern China
Japan Invades China
Four years after Manchuria Japan swept into northern China
China’s Jiang Jieshi was no match for the better equipped and trained Japanese
Northern cities of Beijing and Nanjing, the capital, fell in 1937
Japanese killed tens of thousands of captured soldiers and civilians in what became the Nanjing Massacre
Jiang Jieshi retreated west and set up a new capital at Chongqing
Chinese communist guerrillas, led by Mao Zedong, continued to fight in the conquered areas
Mao Zedong
Jiang Jieshi

14. Rape of Nanjing – Summarize in your notes!
Japan invades city of Nanking
-kill retreating Chinese soldiers, AND civilians (men, women, children)
-Many stories of Chinese women who were raped and tortured - “Rape of Nanking.”
-Estimated that over 300,000 died in six weeks.
75th Anniversary – News Broadcast – Rape of Nanking
Iris Chang: The Rape of Nanking

15. WWI Test Corrections Look at your test score sheet
Get handouts from the back shelf
Complete the correction form
Each correction gets you ONE POINT back on your exam score.
Example: you got a 30/50
You correct the ten questions you missed
I raise your score to a 40/50
So you go from a 60% to an 80%!

16. European Aggressors March
League’s failure to stop the Japanese encouraged European Fascists to plan aggression of their own
Mussolini dreamed of building an Italian colonial empire in Africa like Britain and France
Hitler and Stalin wanted to expand territory of Germany and Russia

17. Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia
Ethiopia had remained independent
Mussolini attacked to avenge failed colony of the 1890s
The Ethiopian emperor, Haile Selassie, urgently appealed to the League for help
The League condemned the attack, but did nothing
Britain controlled the Suez Canal but allowed Italy access to keep the peace

18. Hitler Defies Treaty of Versailles
Hitler had pledged to undo Treaty of Versailles
limited size of German army
March announced they would not obey restrictions
League issued a mild condemnation
Hitler then re-militarized the Rhineland which was supposed to be a buffer between France and Germany

19. Re-arming the Rhineland Major turning point in the march toward war
strengthened Hitler’s power and prestige within Germany
balance of power changed in Germany’s favor
France and Belgium were now open to attack
weak response by France and Britain encouraged Hitler to speed up his expansion
France

20. Appeasing the Axis Powers
However stunned by German actions, French and British were unwilling to risk war, instead they followed the route of appeasement – giving in to an aggressor to keep peace
Hitler’s growing strength convinced Mussolini that he should seek an alliance with Germany
October 1936, both dictators reached an agreement known as the Rome-Berlin Axis, of which later Japan joined = Axis Powers

21. Spanish Civil War lasted for three years
Civil War in Spain
Spain remained a monarchy until 1931, when a republic was declared and the government, run by liberals and Socialists
July 1936, army leaders, favoring a Fascist-style government, joined General Francisco Franco in a revolt
Spanish Civil War lasted for three years
Francisco Franco

22. Foreign Aid: Spanish Civil War
Hitler and Mussolini sent troops, tanks, and airplanes to help Franco’s Nationalist forces
The armed forces of the Republicans received little help from abroad
Western democracies remained neutral
Only Soviet Union sent equipment and advisers
International volunteers fought on the Republican side
1939, Republican resistance collapsed and Franco became Spain’s Fascist dictator

23. Democratic Nations Try to Preserve Peace
In the 1930s, Britain and France repeatedly made concessions, hoping to keep peace, rather than risk war with Fascist aggression
Both nations were dealing with serious economic problems as a result of the Great Depression
Horrors of World War I created a
deep desire to avoid war

24. U.S. Follows an Isolationist Policy
Many Americans supported isolationism, the belief that political ties to other countries should be avoided.
Isolationists argued that entry into World War I had been a costly error
Beginning in 1935, Congress passed three Neutrality Acts, which banned loans and the sale of arms to nations at war

25. German Reich Expands
November 5, 1937, Hitler announces plans to absorb Austria and Czechoslovakia into the Third Reich , or German Empire
Treaty of Versailles prohibited union between Austria and Germany
Many Austrians supported unity with Germany
March 1938, Hitler sent army to annex Austria
France and Britain ignored their pledge to protect Austrian independence

26. This area formed the Czechs’ main defense against Germany
Czechoslovakia
3 million German-speaking people lived in the western border regions - Sudetenland
This area formed the Czechs’ main defense against Germany
Hitler stoked pro-Nazi feelings among Sudeten Germans
September 1938, Hitler demanded that the Sudetenland be given to Germany; Czechs refused and appealed to France for help
AUSTRIA

27. Munich Conference
September 29, 1938
Mussolini proposed a meeting of Germany, France, Britain, and Italy in Munich, Germany; Czechs were not invited
British PM, Neville Chamberlain, believed he could preserve peace by giving in to Hitler’s demand
Britain and France agreed that Hitler could take the Sudetenland
In exchange, Hitler pledged to respect Czechoslovakia’s new borders

28. Britain and France Again Choose Appeasement
Chamberlain boasted, “I believe it is peace for our time.”
Winston Churchill, then a member of Parliament, strongly disagreed with appeasement and warned of its consequences:

29. “We are in the presence of a disaster of the first magnitude
“We are in the presence of a disaster of the first magnitude we have sustained a defeat without a war And do not suppose that this is the end This is only the first sip, the first foretaste of a bitter cup which will be proffered to us year by year unless, by a supreme recovery of moral health and martial vigor, we arise again and take our stand for freedom as in the olden time.” WINSTON CHURCHILL, speech before the House of Commons, October 5, 1938

30. Germany Takes Czechoslovakia
6 months after the Munich meeting, Hitler took Czechoslovakia
Mussolini seized Albania
Hitler demanded that Poland return the former German port of Danzig
Poles refused and turned to Britain and France for aid
Appeasement had convinced Hitler that neither nation would risk war