1. Lesson 2: Diseases and Disorders
Integumentary System
Lesson 2: Diseases and Disorders

2. Lesson 2– Abnormal Pigmentation
Albinos
Abnormal colors of the skin can indicate disease:
Erythema
Jaundice
Cyanosis
Chronic poisoning
Abnormal Pigmentation
Some people are born with an abnormal condition in which the skin has no pigment. These people are known as albinos. Their skin has a pinkish tint, and their hair is pale yellow or white. Their eyes are red and very sensitive to light.
Abnormal colors of the skin can indicate disease.
Erythema is a reddish color of the skin that can be caused by burns or by blood clogging in the vessels.
Jaundice is a yellow color of the skin that can indicate liver or gallbladder disease or other diseases where red blood cells are destroyed.
Cyanosis is a bluish color of the skin that is caused by a lack of oxygen.
Chronic poisoning may cause the skin to look gray or brown.

3. Lesson 2– Skin Eruptions
Macule
Papule
Vesicle
Pustule
Crust
Wheal
Ulcer
Skin Eruptions
Skin eruptions are also known as lesions, and they may also indicate disease. Common skin eruptions include the following ones:
Macule: Flat, discolored spot on the skin; such as a freckle
Papule: Raised, solid area less than 1 cm in diameter
Vesicle: Raised, fluid-filled sac; such as a blister
Pustule: Pus-filled, raised sac; such as acne
Crust: Dry pus or blood covering an injury; such as a scab
Wheal: Itchy, raised area with an irregular shape; such as a hive
Ulcer: Open sore with deep loss of skin surface

4. Lesson 2– Diseases and Disorders of the Integumentary System
Acne Vulgaris
Contact Dermatitis
Eczema
Psoriasis
Diseases and Disorders of the Integumentary System
Acne vulgaris is a chronic disorder of the sebaceous glands. It usually occurs at adolescence.
The exact cause is not known, but it is most likely caused by too much sebum being produced. Excess oil, dirt, or bacteria may block openings to the sebaceous glands or hair follicles.
As a result, skin eruptions on the face and upper back may occur.
Treatment may involve a special skin washing routine, topical ointments, antibiotics, and exposure to ultraviolet light. Heavy creams and makeup should be avoided.
Contact dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin that can be caused by anything that irritates the skin.
It is often an allergic reaction to pollen, detergents, cosmetics, or even food.
Symptoms include redness, itching, swelling, and blisters.
Treatment involves removing the irritant that is causing the problem. After the area is washed, topical ointments may also be applied.
Eczema is chronic, noncontagious inflammation of the skin.
Diet, soaps, cosmetics, medications, and stress can all cause eczema.
Symptoms include dry, red, itchy, and scaly skin.
Treatment involves removing the irritant and applying topical medications containing hydrocortisone.
Psoriasis is a chronic skin disorder in which too many epidermal cells are produced in the body.
The exact cause is not known, but the disorder may be triggered by stress.
Symptoms include dry red patches covered with silvery-white scales on the trunk, arms, hands, legs, and scalp.
Treatment may relieve symptoms, but there is no cure. Treatment involves topical ointments, removal of scales, and exposure to ultraviolet light.