1. By: Abdulaziz Alhoshan
Motivation
By:
Abdulaziz Alhoshan

2. Agenda What is Motivation? Early Theories
Hierarchy of Needs Theory
Theory X and Theory Y
Two Factor Theory
Contemporary Theories of Motivation
McClelland’s Theory of Needs
Cognitive Evaluation Theory

3. What is Motivation?
The processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal
Is a psychological feature that arouses an organism to act towards a desired goal and elicits, controls, and sustains certain goal-directed behaviors.
Is an inner drive to behave or act in a certain manner
Key Elements
Intensity: how hard a person tries
Direction: toward beneficial goal
Persistence: how long a person tries

4. Early Theories of Motivation

5. Hierarchy of Needs Theory
Proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" in Psychological Review.
Maslow studied the healthiest 1% of the college student population
Maslow's theory was fully expressed in his 1954 book Motivation and Personality
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6. Hierarchy of Needs Theory

7. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-Actualization
and Self-fulfillment Needs
Safety and Security Needs
(Protection, order, stability)
Belonging and Social Needs
(affection, friendship, belonging)
Esteem and Status Needs
(Prestige, status, self esteem)
Physiological Needs
(Food, water, air, shelter, sex)

8. Development of Maslow’s Model
Clayton Alderfer redefined Maslow’s model to align it with empirical research
The revised model is labeled ERG theory

9. Growth Needs Existence Needs Relatedness Needs
Self-Actualization
and
Self-fulfillment Needs
Esteem and Status Needs
(Prestige, status, self esteem)
Safety and Security Needs
(Protection, order, stability)
Belonging and Social Needs
(affection, friendship, belonging)
Physiological Needs
(Food, water, air, shelter, sex)
Growth Needs
Relatedness Needs
Existence Needs

10. Theory X and Theory Y
Created and developed by Douglas McGregor at the MIT Sloan School of Management in the 1960s
Describes perceptions managers hold on their employees, not the way they generally behave
It is attitude not attributes
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11. Theory X and Theory Y

12. Two-Factor Theory
Developed by Frederick Herzberg, a psychologist, who theorized that job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction act independently of each other
It distinguishes between Hygiene factors and Motivation factors
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13. Two-Factor Theory

14. Herzberg’s Two-factor Theory
Motivational Factors
Nature of work
Possibility of achievement
Possibility of growth
Nature of responsibility
Carrier Advancement
Amount of Recognition
Increases the level of motivation
Status
Relationship supervisors
Peer relations
Relations with subordinates
Quality of supervision
Job Security
Working conditions
Pay
Maintenance Factors
Maintains the level of motivation

15. Contemporary Theories of Motivation

16. McCLELLAND’s Theory of Needs
Created by psychologist David McClelland
Attempt to explain how the needs for achievement, power and affiliation affect the actions of people from a managerial context

17. McCLELLAND’s Theory of Needs

18. Cognitive Evaluation Theory
Designed to explain the effects of external consequences on internal motivation
introduction of extrinsic rewards for work effort that was previously rewarded intrinsically will tend to decrease the overall level of a person’s motivation.
Self-Concordance – the degree to which a person’s reasons for perusing a goal are consistent with his/her interest and core values.