1. WORD CLASS @ PARTS OF SPEECH
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2. WORD CLASSES Word Classes Open Closed Nouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbs
Pronouns
Determiners
Prepositions
Conjunctions
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3. (2) PRONOUNS Pronouns Personal Possessive Reflexive Indefinite
Demonstrative
Reciprocal
Relative
Interrogative
Quantitative
Intensive / Emphatic
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4. (direct/indirect object of the verb)
(2.1) Personal Pronouns
are used to refer back to something / someone that has already been mentioned.
are also used o refer to people / things directly.
object pronouns are
normally used:
(1) after verb “be”
* It’s me.
* There was only Nurul,
Husna and me in the
room.
(2) as the object of a
preposition
* Did you give it to them?
‘it’ is often used to:
(1) introduce a remark
* It is difficult to find a job.
(2) talk about weather,
temperature, time and
distance
* It is raining.
Subject Pronouns
(subject of the verb)
Object Pronouns
(direct/indirect object of the verb)
Singular
Plural
1st person I we me us
2nd person
you
3rd person he
she it
they
him
her
them
Examples
I don’t know what to do.
Would you come along?
She was a pretty woman.
It was a very long novel.
They have decided to go.
Amani told me the news.
Fahim likes you very much.
Hanis was with her last night.
Hasif has read it.
Idora gave them a warning.
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5. (2.2) Possessive Pronouns
Singular
Plural
1st person
mine
ours
2nd person
yours
3rd person
his
hers
theirs
Examples
This book is mine.
Helmi is an old friend of ours.
Is that coffee yours or his?
It was her fault, not theirs.
are used to show possession.
examples:
The book is Ahmad’s. It is his.
These cats are our pets. They are ours.
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6. (2.3) Reflexive Pronouns Singular Plural 1st person myself ourselves
are used to refer back to the
subject in a sentence.
example:
She hurt herself.
most transitive verbs can take a
reflexive pronoun.
use reflexive pronouns with
‘by’ to say:
(1) that someone does
something without any help
from other people.
* She was certain she could
manage by herself.
(2) that someone is alone
* He went off to sit by himself.
Singular
Plural
1st person
myself
ourselves
2nd person
yourself
yourselves
3rd person
himself
herself
itself
themselves
Examples
We introduced ourselves to the VIP.
You should buy yourself a new watch.
You need to ask yourselves questions.
Jamal killed himself.
Daniah stared at herself in the mirror.
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7. (2.4) Emphatic / Intensive Pronouns
Singular
Plural
1st person
myself
ourselves
2nd person
yourself
yourselves
3rd person
himself
herself
itself
themselves
Examples
He himself told me this. I finished the job myself. They themselves admitted their mistake. We ourselves witnessed the accident.
are used to put emphasis on
a particular noun.
cannot be used as subjects.
can be removed from the
sentence and the core
meaning would be affected.
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8. (2.5) Demonstrative Pronouns
Singular
Plural
this
that
these
those
This is a list of reference books.
That was difficult for me.
I bought you these.
What are those.
This/These  refers to something that is close / is
considered to be close to you.
That/Those  refers to something that is not close / is not
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9. (2.6) Indefinite Pronouns
anybody everybody nobody somebody
anyone everyone no one someone
anything everything nothing something
Examples:
Ask anyone. They/he will tell you.
Auni could wear anything she liked. They/It looked pretty on her.
Everyone is ready. They/he can leave anytime.
Everybody is enjoying themselves/himself at the party.
are used to refer to people or
things that we don’t know
exactly who/what they are OR
their identity is not important.
* Indefinite pronouns are singular. But, if we want to use a pronoun to refer back to an indefinite pronoun, we can either use a singular or plural pronoun.
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10. whoever whomever whichever whatever
(2.7) Relative Pronouns
who
used to refer to people
That is the man who/whom I met yesterday.
Boys who keep long hair will be punished.
The old lady to whom you gave the money was my neighbour.
whom
whose
used to show who / what something belongs to
Children whose parents are educated tend to be more intelligent.
The police recovered the car whose owner went missing last week.
He is the one from whose house the stole goods were found.
which
used to refer to things
The road which leads to my college is muddy.
The hunters found footprints which belonged to the elephant.
The shop from which I bought the book is in the next block.
that
used to refer to people / things
The clothes that were on display were imported from Italy.
He is the man that came just now.
I like the idea that you have suggested.
whoever whomever whichever whatever
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11. (2.8) Interrogative Pronouns
who whom whose which what
Examples:
What is that?
Who was at door just now?
For whom do you buy the food?
Who/Whom did you talk to?
Whose is this?
Which do you like?
I asked him who he was talking to.
He wondered what Sally would do now.
are used to ask direct /
indirect questions.
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12. (2.9) Reciprocal Pronouns
each other
one another
*can refer to 2/more people or things
are used to indicate that people
do the same thing, feel the
same way, or share the same
relationship.
Examples:
Zaf and Ayie shouted at one another.
The two lights moved towards one another.
Fariz and Fariza love each other.
We helped each other a lot.
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13. (2.10) Quantitative Pronouns
are quantifiers
(indicate number / amount)
can also be used as
determiners.
Many were offered
scholarships. (P)
Many students were
offered scholarships. (D)
are mostly followed by “of”
some of the fund
several of my friends
none of them
“one” can be a personal
pronoun
One should work hard to
success.
all little
another many
any more
both most
each much
either neither
enough several
few some
fewer *one
less
Examples:
(1) All must come for the meeting.
(2) Give him some money, if you have any.
(3) I saw one girl whispering to another.
(4) I have two interesting novels. You can borrow both.
(5) There are twenty prizes. Each of them is worth RM200.00
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