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Warm Up What makes the Coastal Plains unique?
Based on the human characteristics, why do you think people choose to live in the Coastal Plains? What major cities are located in the North Central Plains?
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Background We know about early natives by studying their artifacts
The first people to travel into Texas came from Asia across the Bering Strait Most early native tribes were nomadic; natives began to settle in places once agriculture developed in the year 1200 AD
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Caddo/ Station 1 Region of Texas & Location Geographic Group
Coastal Plains Lived in the Piney Woods in East Texas Geographic Group One of the three Southeastern tribes.
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Shelter Homes were huge, cone-shaped domes covered in grass that could be up to 60 ft. in diameter!
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Other Facts Method of Survival Major crops Hunted
Caddo: Included more than 20 groups this groups were part of large association or union confederacies, or alliances that united for a common purpose Most advanced culture of all TX Indians Matrilineal Society Method of Survival Mostly farmed in clearings in the forest, limited hunting Major crops corn, beans, squash, & sunflower seeds Hunted deer, bear, bison, and small animals
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Atakapan/ Station 2 Region/ Location Coastal Plains Geographic Group
Lived South of Caddo from LA to Galveston Bay Coastal Plains Geographic Group Member of the Southeastern cultural group. Shelter Lived in dome-shaped brush huts (covered with bearskins in winter)
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Method of Survival Hunter-gatherers
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Animals Hunter Crops Grown Other Facts
Hunted large reptiles (alligators), eating the meat and using the oil from the alligator as an insect repellent. Crops Grown Most lived along the bay, marshy swampland = little farming Other Facts Nomadic Used oil from alligator grease to make insect repellent
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Wichita/ Station 3 Region/ Location Geographic Group
North Central TX to Red River Coastal Plains Geographic Group Member of the Southeastern cultural group
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Method of Survival Crops Grown Animals Hunted Other Facts Shelter
Hunters and Farmers Crops Grown large fields of corn, pumpkins, squash, melons, beans, & plum trees Animals Hunted Hunted buffalo in the fall and winter Other Facts Obtained horses from Kiowa & became hunters Seasonal nomads: after fall harvest, left home and roamed the plains hunting buffalo. Spring would return to plant crops. Shelter Lived in tepees with clay floors and moats (easy to move from place to place)
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Tonkawa/ Station 4 Region/ Location Geographic Group Great Plains
Edwards Plateau west of present day Austin and San Antonio Geographic Group Member of the Plains Culture.
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Shelter Method of Survival Crops Grown Animals Hunted Other Facts
Tepees covered with buffalo skin Caves of Limestone Method of Survival Hunting and Farming Crops Grown Animals Hunted Buffalo was main source of food & materials for making clothing & tools Other Facts Nomadic hunters who fought with other tribes including the Apache, Cando, and Wichita. Chose war chiefs to lead them (fought to defend their land)
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Apache/ Station 5 Region/ Location
Settled in the west and central Texas Great Plains Geographic Group Plains Culture
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Method of Survival Relied on the bison for their food supply, and were among the first American Indian tribes to adopt the use of the horse from Europeans. Animals Hunted Bison Crops Grown Corn, beans, pumpkins, watermelons
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Other Facts Used buffalo hide robes in winter to stay warm Nomadic in the winter and fall to follow buffalo Shelter Lived in tepees covered in buffalo hide During spring/summer lived in small villages
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Comanche/ Station 6 Region/ Location Geographic Group West Texas
Great Plains Geographic Group Plains culture
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Shelter Lived in tepees covered in buffalo skin Method of Survival Buffalo provided clothing, shelter, & most food Crops Grown None. They relied fully on buffalo Animals Hunted Buffalo
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Women had short hair/men wore long braids Nomadic
Other Facts Women had short hair/men wore long braids Nomadic Became expert horse riders & warriors of the plains Chief with limited power Could act only with approval from the council(all adult males) Decisions had to be unanimous Entire way of life depended on the buffalo
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Kiowas/ Station 7 Region/ Location Geographic Group Texas Panhandle
Great Plains Geographic Group Plains culture
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Shelter Tepees made of buffalo hide Method of Survival Hunting Crops Grown None. Relied entirely on buffalo. Animals Hunted Buffalo
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Other Facts Celebration of the Sun Dance Important religious ceremonny Men danced to bring good fortune to tribe Lasted 3-4 days- could not eat or drink while dancing Fought with the Comanche, until made peace and became allies Nomadic
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Jumano People/ Station 8
Region/ Location Great Plains Established villages between Pecos and Rio Grande Rivers around the year 1200 Geographic Group Plains culture group
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Shelter Method of Survival Crops Grown Animals Hunted
Lived in pueblos made of adobe Method of Survival Farmers Lived near rivers so the soil was good for farming Crops Grown -Grew corn, beans, and squash (men did most farming) Animals Hunted None
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Other Facts Great traders- acted as middlemen between the eastern tribes and the western tribes Painted horizontal lines on their face
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The Tigua/ Station 9 Region/ Location Geographic Group
Near present day El Paso Mountains and Basins Geographic Group Puebloan culture area
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Method of Survival Crops Grown Animals Hunted Farming and hunting
Corn, squash, beans Animals Hunted Deer, rabbits, antelope, and other small animals
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Shelter Other Facts Lived in pueblos made of adobe Patrilineal society
Oldest group of Native Americans still living in TX today, near El Paso Council governed the tribe and elected the chief
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The Jornada/ Station 10 Region/ Location Geographic Group
Southwestern Texas, near present day El Paso Mountains and Basins Geographic Group Puebloan culture
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Method of Survival Crops Grown Animals Hunted Shelter Other Facts
Farming Crops Grown corn, beans, squash Animals Hunted None Shelter Lived in pueblos made of adobe Other Facts Disappeared around the year 1400
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The Coahuiltecan/ Station 11
Region/ Location South Texas Plains between San Antonio and Corpus Christi Coastal Plains Geographic Group Southeastern and Gulf Coast
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Method of Survival Crops Grown Animals Hunted
Hunter-gatherers who used bow and arrows Crops Grown Gathered plant food such as fruit from the prickly pear, mesquite beans, nuts. Animals Hunted deer, armadillo, rabbits, lizards, snakes, spiders, insects, worms, and birds
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Shelter Lived in dome shaped huts covered with reed mats/ animal hides Other Facts Very difficult life Nomadic Least advanced tribe
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The Karankawas/ Station 12
Region/ Location Lived along the Gulf Coast Coastal Plains Geographic Group Southeastern and Gulf Coast
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Method of Survival Crops Grown Animals Hunted Shelter Other Facts
Hunter-gatherers Crops Grown Gathered fruits, seeds, and leaves Animals Hunted Fished and hunted deer Shelter Dome shaped huts covered with grass Other Facts Used canoes to travel along the coast Warfare was a fact of life
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