1. The Warren Court

2. Earl Warren Chief Justice (1953-1969)
Saw American law as a the way to promote equality
Protector of the Bill of Rights
One of his first cases – Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

3. Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Mapp’s home was searched without warrant and she went to jail
Enforces 4th Amendment (unreasonable search and seizure)
Police believed that Mapp was harboring a suspected bomber, and demanded entry. No suspect was found in her apartment, but police discovered illegal gambling slips, a pistol, and a trunk of obscene pictures in Mapp's basement.

4. Engle v. Vitale (1962) Public schools forced students to say prayers
Court ruled
This violated 1st amendment – freedom of religion
A New York State law required public schools to open each day with the Pledge of Allegiance and a nondenominational prayer in which the students recognized their dependence upon God. The law allowed students to absent themselves from this activity if they found it objectionable.

5. Abington School District v. Schempp (1963)
Edward Schempp challenged a state (Pa.) law that required public school children to read the Bible (1928 law stated that at least 10 verses had to be read at the beginning of the day)
Court Ruled
1928 law was unconstitutional – violation of 1st amendment

6. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Gideon could not afford a lawyer so he defended himself and lost
Court ruled:
All people have the right to a lawyer no matter how much money they make
Enforces 5th and 6th Amendment
Gideon was charged with breaking and entering with the intent to commit a misdemeanor, which is a felony under Florida law.  At trial, Gideon appeared in court without an attorney.  In open court, he asked the judge to appoint counsel for him because he could not afford an attorney.  The trial judge denied Gideon’s request because Florida law only permitted appointment of counsel for poor defendants charged with capital offenses.

7. Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
  Miranda was found guilty of kidnapping and rape and was sentenced to years imprisonment on each count.  On appeal, the Supreme Court of Arizona held that Miranda’s constitutional rights were not violated in obtaining the confession.
Man was NOT told he had the right to remain silent or a lawyer
Established Miranda Rights that had to be read before trials
5th and 6th Amendments

8. Loving v. Virginia (1967)
Richard Loving (white) married a colored woman (Mildred)
Arrested and jailed for 1 year for violation of Virginia’s anti-miscegenation laws
Result:
Court unanimously banned all interracial marriage laws

9. In Re Gault (1967)
Juvenile was not given due process rights in trial; questioned without parents; forced confession
Court ruled:
Gives juveniles the same due process rights as adults
5th Amendment (Due process of law)
Gerald (“Jerry”) Gault  was a 15 year-old accused of making an obscene telephone call to a neighbor, Mrs. Cook, on June 8, 1964.  After Mrs. Cook filed a complaint, Gault and a friend, Ronald Lewis, were arrested and taken to the Children’s Detention Home.

10. Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)
Tinker wore armbands to protest Vietnam and got suspended
Court ruled:
Upheld freedom of symbolic speech in schools