1. DNA TECHNOLOGY

2. BIOTECHNOLOGY TERMS
Gel electrophoresis Cloning DNA fingerprint Stem cells Transgenic Human Genome Gene therapy Project Restriction enzymes Bacterial transformation Bioethics

3. DNA Fingerprinting (Profiling)
Alec Jeffreys

4. DNA Fingerprinting (Profiling)
DNA is extracted from cells
DNA is cut with restriction enzymes
DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis
Bands compared

5. Restriction Enzymes Molecular scissors
Cut DNA at a specific base sequence (recognition site)
Can make blunt or sticky ends

6. Gel Electrophoresis DNA fragments separated by size Steps:
(1) DNA fragments loaded into wells in the gel on the negative end
(2) Electricity pulls the negatively charged DNA fragments toward the positive end of the gel
(3) Large fragments move slower and smaller fragments move faster

10. DNA fingerprints can be used to...
diagnose genetic disorders and identify carriers

11. Well 3: mutated gene Well 4: nonmutated gene Well 5: Child 1 Well 6: Child 2

13. analyze evidence at crime scenes
evidence of parentage
identification of remains
determine how related two organisms are

14. Measure the Agar Powder

15. Dissolve the Powder and Heat

16. Casting the Tray

17. Loading the Wells

18. X-raying the Gel

19. Bacterial Transformation
Bacteria will take in foreign DNA and manufacture proteins coded for in that DNA Frederick Griffith

21. Bacterial Transformation
Foreign gene spliced into a bacterial chromosome (plasmid)
Bacteria take in the engineered plasmid
Foreign protein manufactured

22. Contain a foreign gene so they manufacture a foreign protein
Transgenic Organisms
Contain a foreign gene so they manufacture a foreign protein

23. Examples of Transgenic Organisms
Bacteria manufacture human insulin
Manufacture of Factor VIII
Cotton has inserted gene to make it insect resistant

24. Vaccines such as heptatis vaccine in bananas
Human immune genes in pigs for transplant organs
Mutated gene in tomatoes to keep them from changing texture (Flavr Savr)

25. medication that stimulates growth of bone marrow after a bone marrow transplant
anti-cancer medications
Golden rice that has a Vitamin A gene inserted

26. genetically engineered bacteria to clean oil spills

28. Complete the Bacterial Transformation Virtual Lab!!

29. CLONING Organisms with identical DNA are clones
Identical twins are clones
Plants produced by “rooting” are clones

31. Some animals are cloned when they are damaged and divided, such as earthworms or starfish
We have cloned some animals by artificial means

32. Dolly the cloned sheep

33. Nuclear Transfer

34. Benefits of Cloning Survival of endangered species For example, a gaur
is an endangered
animal from Asia
and has been
successfully
cloned

35. Economical importance – cloning favorite pets is expensive
Cc (Carbon Copy)

36. The Human Genome Project
Project goals were to
identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA
determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA

37. Francis Collins from
the publicly-funded
Human Genome
Project and J. Craig
Venter, head of the
private company Celera
Genomics, jointly
announce a working
draft of the human
genome

38. Gene Therapy

39. Inserting normal genes into a person to correct a gene mutation
Gene Therapy
Inserting normal genes into a person to correct a gene mutation
The “new” gene would be transcribed, then translated to produce normal protein

41. Potential cures for genetic disorders such as hemophilia, sickle cell, and cystic fibrosis

43. Or for
cystic
fibrosis

44. In 1990, Ashanti
de Silva was the
first person to be
cured with gene
therapy; cured of a
life threatening immune system mutation

45. David Vetter from Texas had SCID and had to live in a sterile environment for most of his life during the 1970/80s. He was known to the media as 'the boy in the plastic bubble' and wore a special 'spacesuit' to protect him from infections.

46. STEM CELLS
Undifferentiated cells that have the genes to become any type of cell of that organism
Primarily found in embryos, but can also be found in adults, such as stem cells in the bone marrow that divide to make all blood cells

47. If cells can be induced to differentiate into a specific type of cell, they can be used to repair damage, such as people with permanent spinal cord injuries or potentially treat Parkinson’s

50. Bioethics What is right and wrong with manipulating DNA?
What is legal and illegal?
Who gets to decide?
Who has a right to get results from DNA testing?
An employer? An
insurance
company?