Early Elizabethan England Knowledge Booklet

Early Elizabethan England 1558-1588 Knowledge Booklet

Queen, government and religion, Key Topic 1

The situation on Elizabeth’s accession
Society and government in 1558 Elizabethan England was often a violent and dangerous place because there was no police force or permanent army. The social structure was used to keep order because every knew their place. Everything was based on inequality Society Elizabethans believed that everybody had their place in society with the monarch at the top of the social scale. This was followed by the nobility and gentry. Your place in the hierarchy was determined by how much land you had and whether you owned or rented it. About 90% of England’s population lived and worked on the countryside. Yeomen were men who held a small amount of land or an estate. Tenant famers farmed rented land which was usually owned by yeomen or the gentry. In towns, the hierarchy was based on wealth and occupation with wealthy merchants at the top and professionals such as lawyers and doctors underneath. Skilled craftsmen such as carpenters or tailors organised themselves into guilds which were trade associations to monitor standards and working conditions. Craftsmen were skilled employers and also included apprentices. Unskilled labourers and the unemployed came at the bottom Where ever you were in Elizabethan society, you owned respect and obedience to those above you and had a duty of care to those below you. Landowners ran their estates according to these ideas. Ideally, they would take care of their tenants, especially during the times of hardship Households were run along similar lines to society. The husband and father was head of the household. His wife, children and any servants were expected to be obedient

Society and government in 1558 Government What Key Features Role Court Was a body of people who lived in, or near the same palace/house as the monarch Made up of members of nobility who were monarch’s key servants, advisers and friends Could only attend court if had monarch’s permission Entertain and advise monarch Show off wealth and power Courtiers had influence with the monarch than actual power Privy Council Made up of leading courtiers and advisers, as well as nobles and very senior government officials- William Cecil There were approx. 19 members of the privy council and they were chosen by the monarch They met at least three times a week and the meetings were attended/presided over by the monarch Debate current issues and advise monarch on government policy Made sure the monarch’s final decisions were carried out Oversaw law and order Monitored justices of peace Parliament Made up of the House of Lords (included bishops) and the House of Commons. Could only b called and dismissed by the monarch. Elections were held before each new parliament but few people could vote. Elizabeth I called parliament ten times during her reign. Grant extraordinary taxation Passed laws (Acts of Parliament) Offered advice to the monarch Lords Lieutenant Each country had one and they were chosen by the monarch. They were members of the nobility and often also on the Privy council In charge of raising and training the local militia and overseeing county defences Oversaw enforcement of policies Part of local government Justices of the Peace (JPs) They were large landowners who kept law and order in the local areas. They were unpaid and reported to privy council. Being a JP was a position of status and was a popular job Make all social and economic policies were carried out. Heard county court cases every three months.

Society and government in 1558
The situation on Elizabeth’s accession Society and government in 1558 The monarch and parliament There were some areas that only the monarch had the right to decide upon. This was known as the ‘royal prerogative’. Elizabeth thought it was her right to control parliament Government The government centred around the monarch. People believed that monarchs of England were had the right to rule ‘by the grace of God’. This was known as ‘divine right’ The monarch could: Rule in some legal cases (if the law was unclear or if people appealed a judgement) Grant titles, lands, money, jobs The monarch The monarch could: Declare war and make peace Call and dismiss parliament and agree/reject any laws The monarch would provide someone with patronage. This meant giving land, title to people and well as championing them. This was a way of bribing courtiers to stay loyal Key term Definition Courtiers Usually members of nobility. Spent much of their lives with the Queen Extraordinary taxation Occasional, additional taxation to pay for unexpected expenses, especially war Militia A military force of ordinary people, rather than soldiers, usually raised in an emergency Divine right Belief that the monarch’s right to rule came from God Patron Someone who gives encouragement or financial support to an individual or a cause Crown With a capital ‘c’ the crown refers to the monarch and their government The Secretary of State This was Elizabeth’s most important Privy Councillor was her secretary of state He advised the queen about matters important to the crown William Cecil was the most significant man to hold this position Cecil held the position until 1573. He was later given the title of ‘Lord Burghley’ The monarch and parliament The monarch had a regular income but sometimes more was needed (for a war) Extraordinary taxation could only be done with parliament’s permission Although the queen could issue direct orders (proclamations) they could not be enforced without parliament’s permission There were some areas that only the monarch could decide on (marriage ,succession, foreign policy)) this was known as their royal prerogative

The Virgin Queen Legitimacy Gender and marriage A monarch had to be born legitimate to be able to stay on the throne The word legitimate means when the parents of a child were both married when the child was born. People doubted the legitimacy of Elizabeth I because of how Elizabeth’s father (Henry VIII) had divorced his first wife (Catherine of Aragon) to be with Elizabeth’s mother (Anne Boleyn) The head of the Roman Catholic church refused to give Henry the divorce so Henry created the ‘church of England’. Committed Catholics refused to acknowledge Henry’s divorce because Catholics don’t believe in it. They also thought that because Catherine of Aragon was still alive when Elizabeth was born then Henry was still technically married to Catherine. They did not see Elizabeth as legitimate A queen ruling by herself would have been very unusual at this time because the Christian religion taught that women should be under the authority of men. Monarchs were also expected to lead men into battle and people thought women were too weak to do this. A lot of Elizabeth’s parliament believed that she should marry However Elizabeth turned down offers from Phillip II of Spain, King Eric of Sweden and French heir to the throne the Duke of Alencon. People didn’t think women were capable of ruling by themselves, especially after the rule of Mary I (Elizabeth’s sister) Mary burned 300 people for their religious beliefs and people were worried that Elizabeth would be as unstable as her sister. Character and strength Marriage Elizabeth was highly intelligent, had a great grasp of politics and had an eye for detail She spoke Latin, Greek, French and Italian. Elizabeth had also been a prisoner in the Tower of London. Her sister Mary had locked her in there in 1554 because was suspected of trying to kill her sister. Elizabeth understood the dangers of court politics, she knew that courtiers were ambitious and would scheme and plot to take power Elizabeth was confident and charismatic- she could make great speeches She took a long time to make up her mind- this frustrated her Privy Council Elizabeth also had a fierce temper that people feared PROS CONS The potential husband could be the military leader in war Having children would ensure England’s stability The Queen would have to be obedient to their husband and could be manipulated The only suitable man to marry was a foreigner. This could put England at risk from invasion Key term Definition Succession The issue of who was going to succeed the throne after the existing monarch died Roman Catholic The form of Christianity followed throughout the whole of western Europe until 16th century. The head of the Catholic church was called the pope Queen Regent ‘Regent’ is Latin and means ‘reigning’. Elizabeth was a Queen regent because ruled in her own right

Challenges at home and from abroad France was wealthier and had a larger population than England France was England’s traditional enemy and France was also allies with Scotland. Scotland also hated England. The Scottish and French alliance was called Auld Alliance. Another complicated was that the Scottish monarch was Elizabeth’s family- Mary Queen of Scots. Mary Queen of Scots was also married to Francis, heir to the French throne. She became queen of France in 1559 when her husband became king Financial weaknesses Monarchs needed money and support to rule successfully. Monarchs could raise money by: Rents and income from their own lands (Crown Lands) Taxes from trade (known as Customs duties) Special additional taxes (known as subsidies, which had to be agreed on by parliament) Profits of justice ( fines, property or lands from people convicted of crimes Loans France and Scotland Elizabeth's government didn’t have a lot of money because England had fought wars before Elizabeth became queen. When Elizabeth became queen the crown £300,000 in debt, which was a huge sum in The total annual income of the Crown at that time was approx. £286,667. Taxes were unpopular so Elizabeth didn’t want to raise money this way. France and Calais Mary, Queen of Scots, declared herself the legitimate catholic claimant to the English throne. Mary Queen of Scots was Elizabeth’s second cousin (the granddaughter of Henry VIII’s sister) Catholics who had not accepted Henry’s divorce to Catherine of Aragon did not think that Elizabeth was the true heir to the throne Catholics believed that Mary was the true heir to the throne. Scotland was an independent country and a traditional enemy of England. England’s border with Scotland was remote and hard to defend, which meant it saw constant fighting and raids. 1558- Mary’s mother, Mary of Guise, was ruling Scotland for her daughter and had French troops stationed there England had held Calais (French port) since 1347 so it meant that England had a base in France However when Mary I had been queen (Elizabeth's sister) she decided to go to war with the French and in 1559 England lost. This led to the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis and this meant that England had to return calais to France. Elizabeth was keen to reclaim Calais because this was humiliating for the English Elizabeth was concerned that France and Spain were no longer in a war because she though they might join forces against her. They were both Roman Catholic countries and Elizabeth worried that the two countries would try to replace her with a catholic monarch. Elizabethan money Money was different during Elizabeth’s reign because there was no paper money and coins had to contain a specific amount of silver/gold. To make more money to fight wars (1540s) the government would reduce the amount of silver in each coin. This was known as debasement.

The ‘settlement’ of religion
The English Reformation Why was religion important in Elizabethan England? Religion was central to life in England. Religious teaching and practices guided people’s morals and behaviour as well as their understanding of the world. Birth, marriage and death were all marked by religious ceremonies People believed that going to church, attending pilgrimages and confessing sins reduced time in purgatory where the soul was purged of sin using ‘spiritual fire’ before reaching heaven. Religious festivals (holy days), such as St Swithin’s Day (15 July) and Lammas Day (2 August), marked the agricultural year and were seen as essential to a good harvest The Reformation divided the Christian church between Catholics and protestants from 1517. Protestants tended to be found in northern Europe, especially in the Netherlands, Scandinavia and Germany The north of England, especially Durham, Yorkshire and Lancashire, remained largely Catholic Some Protestants became Puritans- people who wanted to purify the Christian religion by getting rid of anything not in the bible Religious divisions in England and Europe in the 16th century Since the 1520s, many protestants fleeing persecution in Europe had landed in England, settling in London. The number of English protestants was growing Key term Definition Mass Roman catholic service at which Catholics are given wine and bread. Catholics believe that this involves a miracle and that the bread and wine is turned into the body and blood of Christ The Reformation A challenge to the teachings and power of the Roman Catholic church. This movement is said to have begun in Europe in 1517. Intermediary Someone who acts as a go-between when direct communication is not possible Last Supper The last meal that Christ shared with his disciples (followers) Commemorating it was very important to Christians as it was reminder that Christ had sacrificed his life to save humanity Sacraments Special Church ceremonies Holy Communion Another name for mass, often used in Protestant churches Clergy Religious leaders, such as bishops and priests

Geographical divisions
The ‘settlement’ of religion The English Reformation Geographical divisions Key term Definition Diocese An area looked after by a bishop German states Germany did not exist in the 16th century. There were however many small states where German was spoken. These states formed part of the Holy Roman Empire Altars The table in a church where mass is performed Ecclesiastical An adjective used to describe things to do with the church Royal supremacy This is when the monarch was the head of the church Pilgrimage A journey to an important religious monument, shrine or place Saints A saint is someone who lived an exceptional, holy life. To be made a saint for the catholic church, several conditions would have to be met Elizabeth’s religious settlement Elizabeth's religious settlement was in 1559 and it aimed to establish a form of religion that would be acceptable to both Protestants and Catholics The Act of Supremacy: Elizabeth because Supreme Governor (Head) of the Church of England. All clergy and royal officials had to swear an oath of allegiance to her The Act of Uniformity established the appearance of churches and how religious services were to be held. It required everyone to attend church The Royal Injunctions: This was a set of instructions to the clergy that reinforced the Acts of Uniformity and Supremacy. It included instructions on how people should worship God and how religious services were to be conducted Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement An Ecclesiastical High Commission was established to keep discipline within the church and enforce Elizabeth's religious settlement. Disloyal clergy could be punished. The Book of Common Prayer (1559) introduced a set church service to be used in all churches. The clergy had to follow the Prayer Book wording during services or be punished The aims of the religious settlement It was meant to be inclusive and was designed to be accepted by as many of Elizabeth’s subjects as possible. The wording of the new Prayer book could be understood to mean different things by Catholics and Protestants. The Communion Sacrament referred to in the Book of Common Prayer could be interpreted as the body and bloody of Jesus (transubstantiation). This would have appealed to Catholics, while Protestants could view it as an act of remembrance. Protestants would have approved of the bad on pilgrimages to ‘fake’ miracles, which Catholics would have approved of the possibility of ‘real miracles’ Catholics would also have approved use of candles, crosses and vestments in church services

The English Reformation
The ‘settlement’ of religion The English Reformation Elizabeth’s religious settlement Impacts of the religious settlement 8000 clergy out of 10,000 accepted the settlement. Many Marian Bishops (catholic bishops appointed by Mary I) opposed the settlement so they were replaced The majority of ordinary people accepted the settlement and attended the church services, even though many of them held onto Catholic beliefs. Some chose not to go to church and these were known as recusants The Royal Injunctions These states that all clergy were required to: Teach the royal supremacy Report those refusing to attend church to the Privy Council- absentees were fined a week’s wage Keep a copy of the Bible in English Have a government licence to preach Prevent pilgrimages, religious shrines and monuments to ‘fake’ miracles Wear special clothes Preached the government’s message Priests needed a government's licence to preach. This ensured the clergy preached Elizabeth's religious and political message, as those who refused to do so would be denied a licence Provided guidelines for communities The parish church helped people in times of hardship and uncertainty Responsible for Church Courts These dealt with marriage, sexual offences, slander(false insults), wills and inheritance Role of the Church of England in society Visitations Bishops carried out inspections of churches and clergy, to ensure they obeyed the religious settlement. These took place every 3-4 years. Visitations also involved checking the licences of physicians, midwives and surgeons Legitimised Elizabeth’s rule The church encouraged people to remain loyal to and not to rebel against their monarch Enforced Elizabeth’s religious settlement of 1559 Role of the Parish clergy in village life Role of Parish clergy in town life In all parishes the clergyman was a major figure in the village community and conducted church services including baptisms, weddings and funerals The clergy offered spiritual and practical advice and guidance to people, especially when times were difficult (such as during a poor harvest) The clergy were funded by taxes or tithes (a tax that was 10% of people’s income) or by other sources of income, such as the sale of church pews. The gentry funded some parishes while others remained independent of local landowners Parish churches In towns contained a much wider collection of people, including merchants, craftsmen, labourers and vagrants. There was often a wider range of religious beliefs too, especially in London, which contained mainstream protestants, puritans and Catholics. The role of clergy varied both within towns and between them. In London a wide variety of parishes existed, some of which were very wealthy while others were relatively poor. Due to overcrowding, parish clergy in towns had a wider range of issues to deal with than was the case in rural parishes. These included poverty, vagrancy and diseases, such as smallpox and plague

Exam Practice _____________________________________
4 Marks Describe two features of the Elizabethan religious settlement POINT One feature of……………………………………is ………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. EXPLAIN This is a key feature because…………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………. POINT Another feature of………………………….……is ………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… EXPLAIN This is a key feature because………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The nature and extent of the Puritan challenge
Challenges to the religious settlement The nature and extent of the Puritan challenge Who were the Puritans? Puritans were radical protestants who wanted to ‘purify’ the Christian religion by getting rid of anything that wasn’t in the Bible. Puritans wanted to develop their own church, which would not be controlled by the queen. There would be no bishops and priests would not wear vestments (these were special clothing worn by clergy during worship). Puritans wanted to make the world a ‘more godly’ place by banning ‘sinful’ activities such as gambling and cock fighting. Puritans wanted a simpler style of worship, whitewashed churches and no ‘graven images’ (worship of religious idols), including crucifixes and statues, which were seen as ungodly and too Catholic A minority of Puritans believed the Monarch could be overthrown in certain circumstances. This was especially the case if the monarch was catholic. Many Puritans were anti-Catholic and believed the pope was the ‘anti-Christ’. Other puritans – millenarians- believed the world was ending and that Christians had to prepare for Jesus’ return The nature of the Puritan Challenge Crucifixes: Elizabeth, anxious not to upset her catholic subjects, demanded that a crucifix be placed in each church Vestments: Elizabeth wanted the clergy to wear special vestments (as described in the Royal Injunctions). Puritans resisted this and argued that clergy should either wear no vestments or simple vestments. In 1566 the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Parker, required priests in his Book of Advertisements to attend and exhibition showing the vestments they must wear. Puritans opposed this, and, when some Puritan bishops threatened to resign, Elizabeth backed down, as she could not replace them with educated Protestant clergy of similar ability This resulted in the resignation of 37 Puritan priests, who refused to attend church and to wear the new vestments as required The extent of the Puritan challenge Puritans were a vocal group within English society. Puritans, such as John Foxe, Thomas Cartwright and John Field, were openly anti-Catholic and opposed to the bishops While Puritans were active in London, Cambridge, Oxford etc Puritanism had less of an impact on northern England, where people remained mostly catholic in outlook The government ignored Puritan demands for reform of the Church of England , including the Admonition to Parliament in 1572, suggesting that Puritanism’s support was limited Key term Definition Papacy The system of Church government ruled by the pope Heretics People who have controversial opinions and beliefs at odds with those held by the rest of society, but especially those who deny the teachings of the Catholic Church. Martyr Someone who is killed for his or her beliefs, especially religious beliefs

The nature and extent of the Catholic challenge
Challenges to the religious settlement The nature and extent of the Catholic challenge The Counter Reformation The Catholic church’s attempt to reverse the Protestant reformation in Europe an stop its spread was known as the Counter- Reformation. Protestants in Europe were charged with heresy and were known as heretics. In 1566, the pope issued an instruction to English Catholics to not attend Church of England services. This made them known as recusants The nature of the Catholic threat at Home The pope instructs English Catholics not to attend Church of England services Counter Reformation in Europe attempts to reverse the spread of Protestantism Catholic hostility towards Protestantism Revolt of the Northern Earls One-Third of the English nobility ad a large part of the gentry are recusants The extent of the Catholic threat Up to one-third of the nobility (major landowners) and many gentry (smaller landowners) were recusants, especially in the north and northwest England Catholic nobility tended to be traditional and powerful families that had prospered under Mary Tudor (Elizabeth's sister) such as the Nevilles and the Percys. They resented their loss of influence under Elizabeth and disliked the growing influence of her favourites such as Sir William Cecil. The nobility in the north were very influential and had always enjoyed freedom of action (independence) from the Crown, so they were well placed to incite a rebellion against Elizabeth. This threat was increased by the pope’s instruction that Catholics should not attend protestant church services. This gave them a powerful religious reason to rebel The nature of the Catholic threat abroad France- When religious war began in France, in 1562, Elizabeth backed French Protestants, hoping to take back Calais in return. Yet this policy failed, as French Protestants made peace with the Catholics later that year Spain- In 1566 the Dutch rebelled against Spanish occupation. Elizabeth outwardly condemned the Dutch rebels, known as Sea Beggars, but many made their way to England. Spanish atrocities against the Protestants put Elizabeth under pressure to shelter rebels, who attacked Spanish ships in the Channel Spain was further angered by England’s seizure of the Genoese loan of The Italian city lent gold to the Spanish government. Ships carrying this loan sheltered in English ports where Elizabeth seized it, arguing it belonged to Italian bankers and not Spain By 1570, Spanish rule in the Netherlands was secure. The Privy Council now feared a Spanish invasion, as Spanish troops were in the Spanish Netherlands close to England. The presence of Mary, Queen of Scots, as an alternative monarch encouraged Spanish government to plot against Elizabeth

Mary’s imprisonment in England, 1568
The problem of Mary, Queen of Scots Mary’s claim to the throne and arrival in England Why was Mary important? Mary, Queen of Scots, was Henry VII’s great granddaughter and Elizabeth’s second cousin. She was descended from Margaret Tudor, Henry VIII’s sister, was Catholic and had a legitimate claim to the throne. Mary was married to the French King, Francis II, and inherited the Scottish throne when she was only six days old. Mary was Catholic, which meant that many Catholics, including members of the nobility, would be prepared to support her claim to the throne. Mary’s claim was strengthened by the fact there were no concerns about her legitimacy. Elizabeth’s legitimacy was questioned by Catholics, however, as her mother Anne Boleyn’s marriage to Henry VIII was seen by many Catholics as illegitimate. This undermined Elizabeth’s claim to the throne. Mary, therefore, would always be at the centre of catholic plots and conspiracies against Elizabeth. These involved both English plotters and foreign power Mary’s imprisonment in England, 1568 Mary leaves Scotland Mary was held in England in comfort but under guard while Elizabeth decided what to do with her. The Scottish rebels demanded that Mary be handed over and tried for the murder of Darnley. On the death of Francis II in 1560, Mary returned to Scotland and married Henry Stuart (Lord Darnley), producing an heir, James Darnley was murdered (possibly with Mary’s involvement) and this time Mary married the Earl of Bothwell. Many Scots assumed that Mary had murdered Darnley and , in 1568, they rebelled against her, imprisoned her and forced her to abdicate in favour of her son, James Mary escaped and raised an army, but this was defeated at Langside near Glasgow. Mary subsequently fled to England, seeking her cousin Elizabeth’s help against the Scottish rebels. Mary’s arrival I England created a problem for Elizabeth. By remaining in England she could encourage rebellion, as many members of the Catholic nobility believed they could overthrow Elizabeth and place Mary on the throne. However, to take action against Mary, as an anointed monarch would also reduce Elizabeth’s own status, power and authority Key term Definition Holy Roman Empire A large group of different states and kingdoms covering a large area of central Europe, including much of modern Germany and parts of Poland and Austria. Although each state had its own ruler, the leaders of the seven largest countries elected a Holy Roman Emperor Trade embargo When governments ban trade with another country Excommunicated A very severe punishment, imposed by the pope, expelling people from the Catholic Church Rome Capital of Italy- but also used to mean the pope or the Catholic Church Spanish Inquisition A political and religious body set up by Spain in 1478 to keep Spanish territories true to the Catholic faith. Anyone caught by the Inquisition who wasn’t Catholic could be tortured or burned alive in a public execution Anointed During a coronation, holy oil is applied to the monarch. This is known as ‘anointing’ and is an important part of the coronation as it is when the person becomes a monarch Abdicate A king or queen giving up their throne

Exam Practice _____________________________________
12 Marks Explain why the Catholic threat to Elizabeth I increased after 1566. You may use the following in your answer: The Dutch Revolt Mary, Queen of Scots’ arrival in England in 1568 You must also use information of your own POINT One reason why (use the words from the question)……………… EVIDENCE Evidence to support this is(add two specific facts/sentences here) …………………………………………………………………………….. EXPLAIN This meant that ……………………………...………….. LINK Therefore ………………………………………………………… DO THIS PARAGRAPH THREE TIMES!! _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Elizabeth’s options with Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1568-69
The problem of Mary, Queen of Scots Mary vs Elizabeth Relations between the two monarchs remained tense, as Elizabeth became increasingly concerned about the presence of Mary, Queen of Scots, in England between 1568 and 1569, and the threat she posed to her throne Elizabeth’s options with Mary, Queen of Scots, in Option Possible Problems 1. Help Mary to regain her throne Helping Mary regain her throne would anger the Scottish nobility and leave Elizabeth facing a catholic monarch on her northern border. The Auld Alliance with France could then be revived to threaten her. 2. Hand Mary over to the Scottish lords Mary was the former wife of Francis II. Her trial., imprisonment and execution by Scottish noblemen with Elizabeth’s permission could provoke France, driving them into alliance with Spain, which could lead both countries into war with England 3. Allow Mary to go abroad Allowing Mary to go abroad could see her return to France. This could provoke a French plot that aimed to remove Elizabeth from the English throne and replace her with Mary 4. Keep Mary in England Keeping Mary in England was probably the best option for Elizabeth. However it carried the risk that catholic plotters might try to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with Mary

Exam Practice 16 Marks ‘Religion was Elizabeth’s main problem in the years ’. How far do you agree? Explain your answer. You may use the following in your answer: The settlement of religion Mary, Queen of Scots You must also use information of your own P – Yes, I agree the main reason for/no I disagree the main reason for ……………… was…….………………… E - For example/give a fact……………………………………………….. E - This meant that…………………………………………………………. L - Therefore …………………………………………………………… P - This was the most important cause because…………………………… P – Another reason for ……………… was…….…………………………. P - This was the second most important cause because……………… It was less important that ……..because ………………. P – A third most important reason for ……………… was…….…………………. P - This was the third most important cause because…………………………… P - The least important reason for ……………… was…….…………………………. P - This was the least important cause because…………………………… In conclusion I agree/disagree with the statement that the (use wording of question)……………… I think this because………….. it is more important than………………… because…………………………………………..

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Challenges to Elizabeth at home and abroad, Key Topic 2

Plots and revolts at home
The revolt of the Northern Earls, 1569 Context The north of England was far away from London and Elizabeth and her court so many of these people stayed loyal to old religion, Catholicism. When Elizabeth introduced Protestantism, she promoted ‘new men’ from gentry and lower ranks of nobility to important government positions. Causes The earls and followers wanted Catholicism to come back as main religion of England Earls lost their influence at court under Elizabeth which created resentment Elizabeth refused to marry or to name an heir which made earls nervous about the future of the country Mary, Queen of Scots, was being helped captive in England and was seen as a figurehead that could replace Elizabeth. The earls thought Mary would be a better alternative. Role that politics played in the rebellion Role that religion played in the rebellion Much of the north, including the earls held onto old Roman Catholic beliefs (especially the Earl of Northumberland and Earl of Westmorland) James Pilkington was appointed as archbishop of Durham (1561) and was a committed protestant Elizabeth appointed Pilkington as a way to lessen the influence of Catholicism in the north- he became most important clergyman in the north. Pilkington’s efforts to impose Protestantism were unpopular= turned more Catholics against him and Elizabeth Under Mary I (Elizabeth’s sister) the earls of Northumberland and Westmorland had been very influential (at court and locally in the north) Northumberland resented an up-and-coming rival family in the north called the Forsters Elizabeth I favoured Sir John Forster and gave him the task of looking after the border with Scotland instead of Northumberland= damaged relationship between Elizabeth and Northumberland William Cecil also saw Northumberland as a threat because of his religion Other earls resented the newcomers to court who did not come from ancient noble families (like William Cecil and Robert Dudley)

The revolt of the Northern Earls, 1569 Key players Name Title Religion Reason for Revolting Thomas Percy Earl of Northumberland Catholic He held an important position in court under Mary I (Elizabeth’s sister) but lost his influence under Elizabeth. He was jealous of the attention Elizabeth’s favourites (protestants) got over him. Northumberland lost the rights to a copper mine found on his land in rights were given to Elizabeth. Charles Neville Earl of Westmorland He was from an important Catholic family in the north of England. He was also Duke of Norfolk’s brother-in-law Thomas Howard Duke of Norfolk Protestant Norfolk came from an ancient noble family and had close links to other old northern catholic families. He as one of England’s most senior nobles but disliked the newcomers (Cecil and Dudley). Mary, Queen of Scots Queen She supported the plan to marry the Duke of Norfolk to take the English throne for herself. Mary had met the Duke of Norfolk once in 1568 shortly after she fled Scotland to England Jane Neville N/A She was the wife of Charles Neville and the Duke of Norfolk’s sister. She encouraged her husband to carry on with the rebellion because it was a success, she could be the sister-in-law to the Queen of England Ann Percy N.A Wife of Thomas Percy and encouraged her husband to join rebellion Key term Definition Civil War A war between people of the same country Conspiracy A secret plan with the aim of doing something against the law Papal Bull A written order issued by the pope Council of the North It was used to implement Elizabeth’s laws and authority in the north of England, as it was far from London and Elizabeth’s reach. The North was sometimes unstable and often under threat from Scottish raids. It was therefore necessary to have a council with special powers that could take action in time of lawlessness and emergency Hanged, drawn and quartered A type of punishment used when the accused was found guilty of high treason. The accused would be hanged until near dead, cut open, have their intestines removed and were finally chopped into four pieces

Plan for the Revolt of the Northern Earls, November-December, 1569
Plots and revolts at home The revolt of the Northern Earls, 1569 Why was Mary Queen of Scots involved? 6) Courtiers also got cold feet over marriage because Elizabeth claimed succession was a matter of royal prerogative. Also the Duke of Norfolk was close to the earls of Northumberland and Westmorland who wanted Mary Queen of Scots to replace Elizabeth 1) Elizabeth had failed to name an heir which meant that the country would be thrown into chaos( civil war) when she died 2) The Revolt started as a wider court conspiracy that Mary was going to marry the Duke of Norfolk [meant that Elizabeth’s court knew about it] 5) This conspiracy wasn’t treason but some courtiers got cold feet because the marriage of members of nobility required the queen’s consent 3) Many thought this marriage would resolve the issue of naming an heir. Many thought that because the Duke of Norfolk was Protestant, their heirs would be too 4) Because people thought Mary Queen of Scots and the Duke of Norfolk’s children would be Protestant, they thought they would have a protestant monarch Robert Dudley, the Earl of Leicester told Elizabeth about the plot in 1569 The earls of Northumberland and Westmorland will raise rebel forces from their lands in the north of England and take control of Durham The rebels will then march south towards London to join with Duke of Norfolk. Several thousand Spanish troops will land in Hartlepool to support the rebel forces. The Duke of Norfolk and the rebel forces will seize control of the government in London and overthrow Elizabeth I. Any resistance will be overthrown by the Spanish troops Meanwhile, Mary, Queen of Scots, is to be freed, ready to marry the Duke of Norfolk and take the English Plan for the Revolt of the Northern Earls, November-December, 1569 What happened? Elizabeth arrested Norfolk and sent him to the Tower of London on 1 November 1569 Earls heard of this but pushed ahead with the revolt after some support of their wives. The earls headed to Durham and took the cathedral from Pilkington who escaped south. The earls destroyed any evidence of Protestantism and celebrated mass (same thing happened across the north of England over the next fortnight) Rebels then headed south and Mary was moved south to Coventry because Elizabeth didn’t want her to escape Rebellion failed because Spain’s troops didn’t arrive and Elizabeth raised an army of 14,000 men.

The revolt of the Northern Earls, 1569 Outcome After revolt was crushed, 450 rebels were executed throughout towns and villages of northern England on Elizabeth’s orders Westmorland escaped but Northumberland was captured and executed in York in 1572 (head was put on a spike above city gates.) Elizabeth released Norfolk even people wanted him executed The pope took action against Elizabeth and issued a papal bull in 1570 which excommunicated Elizabeth and called on all Catholics to depose her hoping to start another rebellion In April 1571 parliament passed acts widening the definition of treason: to claim Elizabeth was a heretic and to print/bring into country any papal bulls. Significance of the Revolt of the Northern Earls Significance of the papal bull First, most serious, rebellious act by English Catholics Treason laws became harsher, terms of treason were widened Ended power and influence of Percy and Neville families in the north of England Harsher treatment of English Catholics (1572, Earl of Huntingdon was sent to run Council of the North to introduce laws against Catholics) Kept Catholics in line and remained loyal The revolt encouraged pope to excommunicate Elizabeth and the papal bull made Elizabeth suspicious of all Catholics in England The pope put England’s Catholics in a difficult position: did they obey the head of the church or the Queen? After the papal bull Catholics could no longer be loyal to both their queen and pope- they had to choose between two leaders. Put doubt over whether or not the Catholics in England could be completely trusted The Ridolfi plot, 1571 Cause What happened? Outcome Significance Roberto Ridolfi was an Italian banker from Florence (lived in England) He was one of the pope’s spies His plot was to murder Elizabeth and launch a Spanish invasion to put Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne Mary would then be married to the Duke of Norfolk March 1571 Ridolfi left England to discuss plot with the pope, Phillip II and the Duke of Alba Ridolfi had a letter from Duke of Norfolk claiming he was catholic and would lead a rebellion if Phillip supported it Phillip II told the Duke of Alba to prepare 10,000 men to send to England if necessary. Cecil uncovered the plot by autumn 1571 through evidence (letters in code) Ridolfi was abroad when the plot was uncovered and never returned to England Parliament met in May 1572 and demanded the execution of both Norfolk and Mary. Elizabeth signed Norfolk’s death warrant (executed June 1572) Elizabeth refused to execute Mary Reinforced the threat posed by Catholics and Mary, both at home and abroad Reinforced threat to England from Spain Because of concerns over the threat of Spain, Elizabeth focused on improving relations with France

Exam Practice _____________________________________
4 Marks Describe two features of the Revolt of the Northern Earls POINT One feature of……………………………………is ………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. EXPLAIN This is a key feature because…………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………. POINT Another feature of………………………….……is ………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… EXPLAIN This is a key feature because………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Throckmorton plot, 1583 Plots and revolts at home
3) This was dangerous and government agents kept English Catholic homes under surveillance Priests and Priest holes 4) Homes where priests were suspected of staying were raided and those priests caught were hanged, drawn and quartered 1) Catholic priests were smuggled into England from 1574 2) The priests travelled undercover, staying with well-to-do Catholic families, celebrating mass and hearing confessions 5) In many homes, secret hiding places called priest holes were made In 1581, parliament passed two laws against Catholics Recusants would now be fined £20- an enormous sum that would bankrupt most families Attempting to convert people to Catholicism was now treason The Throckmorton plot, 1583 Cause What happened? Outcome Significance It was planned for the French Duke of Guise (cousin of Mary of Scots) The plot was to invade England and free Mary. Then remove Elizabeth and restore Catholicism in England Phillip II was to provide financial support A young Englishman called Francis Throckmorton was to act as the go-between with Mary The pope approved of the plot Sir Francis Walsingham (secretary of State from 1573) uncovered the plot. His spies found incriminating papers at Throckmorton’s house Throckmorton was arrested (November 1583) and tortured. He confessed and was executed in May 1584 Plot emphasised threat of Catholics and Mary (home and abroad). Showed threat of a potential combined threat of Spain and France Throckmorton’s papers included a list of Catholic sympathisers which reflected government's fears of English Catholics (enemy within) Life became harder for English Catholics as English government was suspicious of all of them Many important Catholics fled England after the plot 11,000 were imprisoned or kept under surveillance/ house arrest 1585= Act of parliament that made sheltering Catholic priests punishable with death

The Act for the Preservation (1585)
Plots and revolts at home The Babington Plot, 1586 Cause What happened? Outcome Significance Centred on the murder of Elizabeth I Encouraged English Catholics to rebel Similar plan to the Throckmorton plot (Duke of Guise would invade England with 60,000 men and put Mary on the throne Phillip II and the pope gave their supported Anthony Babington wrote to Mary, Queen of Scots in 1586 about the proposed plot. Mary was closely watched so these letters were intercepted and read by Walsingham Walsingham gathered the names of six Catholics prepared to assassinate Elizabeth he arrested them all Babington and his accomplices were convicted and hanged, drawn and quartered. In October 1586, Mary was finally tried by the Privy Council There had been too many plots surrounding Mary and now action had to be taken. Elizabeth hesitated about signing Mary’s death warrant until February 1587. Mary was executed on 8th February By 1586, relations between Spain and England had completely broken down and English were aiding the Dutch Protestants in a rebellion against the Spanish This plot made Elizabeth’s situation more dangerous because she had killed a fellow catholic (Spain was a catholic country) Elizabeth’s government were determined to crush Catholicism and arrested over 300 recusants in north London alone 31 priests were executed There was no longer any hope of replacing Elizabeth with a Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots’ execution The Act for the Preservation (1585) It stated that in the event of Elizabeth’s assassination, Mary, Queen of Scots was to be banned from the succession. Any action against Mary should only be taken once a commission had investigated her part in the ploy, held a trial and found her guilty. Evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to put Mary on trial. Why was Mary executed? The execution removed an important threat to Elizabeth I Phillip II had been planning to invade England since Execution gave him one more reason to remove Elizabeth from the English throne. Mary also left her claim to the English throne to Philip II upon her death Threat from Spain By the start of 1587 it was clear that Phillip II was planning a major attack against England. In January 1587, there were rumours that Spanish troops had landed in Wales and Mary had escaped. Rumours reinforced Mary’s threat

Exam Practice _____________________________________
4 Marks Describe two features of the plots against Elizabeth I in the years POINT One feature of……………………………………is ………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. EXPLAIN This is a key feature because…………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………. POINT Another feature of………………………….……is ………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… EXPLAIN This is a key feature because………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Walsingham’s use of spies 6) Walsingham didn't approve of torture being used against catholic priests caught in England because he thought it would make people feel sorry for them. Walsingham would only use torture in extreme cases 5) By 1580, at least 6 priests had been arrested, taken to the tower, tortured, convicted and executed so many priests defected. Walsingham also used agents provocateurs to plot and discover traitors 1) In 1573, Walsingham became Elizabeth I’s secretary of state. In his role, he developed a network of spies and informers, both in England and abroad. 2) Walsingham’s range of spies was impressive as he informants in every country and important town. Some were specially trained agents but many ordinary people were paid for useful information 4) Walsingham used ciphers in written communications to hide his plans to catch those plotting against Elizabeth. Other informants could be some Catholic priests that had been captured after being smuggled to England. An example: John Hart was a priest held in the Tower in 1581 and offered his services as a spy in exchange for a pardon 3) This turned ordinary people into spies and by 1580, Walsingham had agents in 12 towns in France, 9 in Germany, 4 in Spain, 3 in Italy and others in Algiers, Tripoli and Istanbul. Key term Definition Cipher A secret way of writing in code Agents provocateurs French term referring to agents who became a part of groups suspected of wrongdoing, and encouraged other members to break the law so that potential threats can be identified and arrested

Elizabeth’s foreign policy aims
Relations with Spain Elizabeth’s foreign policy aims The pressures of ruling England influence much of Elizabeth’s foreign policy. These pressures were caused by a lack of resources (England was less wealthy and had a smaller population than Spain or France) and England’s religious divisions Foreign policy aims were: 1) developing and improving trade to benefit the English economy 2) Protecting England’s borders 3) Protecting the English throne 4) Avoiding war, which would cost a lost of money and potentially lead to Elizabeth being overthrown, if English rebels supported the enemy Commercial rivalry: the New World, Privateers and Drake During Elizabeth’s reign, English merchants began to explore new markets and trading partners. They went to Hamburg, Russia, China, India, Persia and Turkey There were huge profits to be made in the New World. However, English merchants faced problems in developing trade 6) Many English merchants ignored Spanish rules and traded illegally without licences. Some of them even attacked Spanish ports which angered Philip 1) Spain controlled the Netherlands, England’s main route into European markets. Antwerp was important to English trade in the Netherlands Philip II (below) 5) Anyone who wanted to trade in Spanish areas had to have a licence from sprain which was hard to come by 2) Spain controlled much of the New World where there were valuable new trading opportunities Spain’s involvement in the New World 3) Spain claimed much of the Americas as its own (Florida, the Caribbean, Mexico, Panama, Chile and Peru) 4) Spain knew that there were enormous profits to be made in the New World (valuable crops such as tobacco and sugar cane as well as huge supplies of silver) Key term Definition Foreign Policy The aims and objectives that guide a nation’s relations with other states. The general aim is to benefit the nation. Objectives can include trade, expanding into more territory or gaining more economic resources New World North and South America. Europeans were only aware of their existence from 1492 Privateer Historically, individuals (usually merchants or explorers) with their own armed ships that capture other ships for their cargoes, often with the authorisation or support of their government

Relations with Spain Elizabeth’s foreign policy aims Francis Drake Drake’s voyage became famous because his route home led him to circumnavigate the globe (first Englishman to do so + second person in history). He set off with five ships and only had one left (called the Golden Hind) 1) Drake was an English merchant who made his name and fortune in the New World. He made huge amounts of money from people who invested in his voyages (Elizabeth) 6) However, Elizabeth also issued Drake with secret orders to attack Spain’s colonies in the New World. By 1577, Anglo- Spanish relations were worse. Elizabeth did this to show that she would not allow England to be dominated by Spain 2) Much of what he did was considered to be piracy. For example, during an expedition to the West Indies (1570-1) he captured numerous Spanish ships 3) 1572= Elizabeth hired Drake as a privateer. She got a good return on the money she invested. When drake went to Panama, he captured £50,000 of Spanish silver 4)Elizabeth’s decision to back Drake was risky- it could have provoked further conflict with Spain. Avoided by 1573 because Drake had returned home and Elizabeth and Phillip were trying to improve relations 5) November 1577, Drake set off again for the New World. Elizabeth’s plan was for Drake to bring back gold, silver, spices by travelling from the tip of South America to its Pacific coast line Outcome of Drake’s voyage The significance of Drake’s voyage Once in the Pacific, Drake successfully plundered Spanish ports and ships along Chile and Peru Drake also claimed a region of North California In Elizabeth’s name (New Albion) When Drake returned to England in 1580, estimated he brought £400,000 of Spanish treasure This money went to the investors that had funded the voyage but some went to the English Crown. Elizabeth was so impressed that Drake was knighted on the deck of the Golden Hind. This knighthood infuriated Phillip II as he saw Drake as a pirate Drake’s actions made it clear that England did not accept Spain’s domination of the Americas (Drake’s claim to land in North America) Drake’s success in circumnavigating the world made him a national hero and showed England’s strength as a seafaring nation Drake boosted the Crown’s finances when Spain was a growing concern for Elizabeth Elizabeth’s knighthood of Drake sent a strong message of defiance to the Spanish

Relations with Spain Elizabeth’s foreign policy aims Political and religious rivalry In 1500s, nations of Europe were rivals- competed over territory. More territory meant more people, wealth and power. Rivalry often resulted in foreign policy that led to war Religion also led to conflict. Catholics saw Protestantism as something dangerous that had to be stamped out. Protestants saw Catholicism as an evil that wanted to destroy the ‘true religion’. Alliances were also part of foreign policy and they would be made according to what suited each country at the time. They would be broken when they were no longer helpful (Spain and England were traditionally allies) 1500s= England not as wealthy or powerful as Spain and France. Luckily France and Spain competed to be the greatest European power and this rivalry was helpful to Elizabeth I. It mean that Spain and France each valued England as an ally against the other From 1567, Spanish ships were sailing to the Netherlands with troops and resources for the Duke of Alba’s army. Elizabeth's privy council put pressure on Elizabeth to help the Dutch Protestants rebel What did Elizabeth I do about the Netherlands Elizabeth I was reluctant to help Dutch Protestant rebels in the Netherlands because she didn’t want to start a war in Spain She hoped to apply pressure on the Spanish to encourage them to agree to return the Netherlands to how it was governed under an agreement made in This had given Dutch a great deal of autonomy which had been challenged by Philip II= sparked the revolt in 1566. Elizabeth I’s applied pressure on Philip II in several ways: By indirectly (and unofficially) helping Dutch protestants resist the Spanish By pursuing friendly relations with France By encouraging others to fight the Spanish in the Netherlands By allowing Spanish shipping and colonies to come under attack from English privateers In the 1570s, Elizabeth offered the promise of a marriage alliance with the heir to the French throne (Duke of Alencon). She hoped to alarm Philip II into giving the Dutch their independence. She encouraged the Duke of Alencon to with the Spanish but this was risky because the French could have taken over the Netherlands instead If I take direct action supporting Dutch Protestant rebels against their lawful monarch, Philip II might do the same in England with Catholic rebels The pope’s backing means that France, as a catholic nation, could side with Spain Spain would have the backing of the pope, which could encourage English Catholics to welcome a Spanish invasion It would be too costly and England’s finances are not as strong as Spain’s

The Spanish and Pacification of Ghent, 1576
Relations with Spain Elizabeth’s foreign policy aims The Spanish and Pacification of Ghent, 1576 By 1576, the Spanish government in the Netherlands was all but bankrupt. War was too costly, despite the silver and riches being brought from the new world. Spain’s forces In the Netherlands finally mutinied after months without pay, rampaging through Dutch provinces and finally sacking Antwerp in November 1576. This was known as the Spanish fury and the violence in Antwerp untied all 17 Dutch provinces, protestant and Catholic, against Spain. The drew up the Pacification of Ghent which demanded: 1) All Spanish troops were to be expelled from the Netherlands 2) The restoration of political autonomy 3) An end to religious persecution Elizabeth sent a loan of £100,000 to the Dutch rebels and agreed (at some point in the future) to send an expeditionary force to the Netherlands to help ensure that the Pacification of Ghent was carried out. February 1577= Philip’s brother Don Juan, arrived in the Netherlands and agreed to all the terms. Seemed that Elizabeth had achieved her goals. 1) Less than 6 months after agreeing to the terms, Philip sent a new army to attack the Dutch= dashed hope that Elizabeth I had achieved her aims with Netherlands 4) Privy Councillors (Earl of Leicester) urged Elizabeth to intervene in the Netherlands directly. Elizabeth failed to do this so the Dutch asked the French (the Duke of Alencon agreed) A missed opportunity? 2) Elizabeth hired a mercenary called John Casimir and financed him to raise an army of 6,000 English and Scottish volunteers to help the Dutch. (because it was volunteers it wasn’t officially and army) 3)The plan backfired because Casimir’s forces devastated Dutch Catholic churches, helping to persuade Dutch Catholics to make peace with Spain 1579= The Duke of Parma was sent to Netherlands who was a more effective leader Outcome of Drake’s voyage The significance of Drake’s voyage Spain was financially weak France and England were allies Don Juan’s army was not very successful The Dutch leader, William of Orange, was popular and able to rally all the Dutch states against the Spanish, uniting the Catholics and Protestants. The Duke of Alencon led an army into the Netherlands to fight the Spanish Spain was still financially weak France and England were still allies Don Juan was replaced by the Duke of Parma as governor of the Netherlands Spain’s armies began making headway against the Dutch John Casimir’s troops violently attacked Catholic churches in the Netherlands The southern Dutch Catholic provinces made peace with the Spanish Alencon withdrew from the Netherlands

Relations with Spain Elizabeth’s foreign policy aims Spain’s fortune’s restored The Duke of Alencon came to England in October 1581 and Elizabeth agreed to give him £70,000 for support in the Netherlands (promised more later) 1580= Philip II gained Portugal, along with its empire and naval forces. Spain’s new strength and wealth alarmed Elizabeth. Some have argued this was why Elizabeth did not intervene in Netherlands. Elizabeth again asked the Duke of Alencon for help and he returned to the Netherlands in 1582 but failed- he returned to France in 1583 4) Treaty of Joinville was with Philip II to secure help against French Protestants. 1585= the King of France signed up to the Catholic League’s aim of ridding France of heresy. This meant now Spain and France were joined against Protestantism 1) Circumstances beyond Elizabeth’s control made England’s situation more dangerous by end of Firstly, Duke of Alencon died and a month later, William of Orange was assassinated (10 July) 1584 (a turning point in Anglo-Spanish relations) 2) Despite the change in circumstances, Elizabeth I still preferred a cautious approach to the Netherlands- Cecil agreed. Others (Earl of Leicester) urged Elizabeth to intervene 3) The Dutch debated it long and hard from Autumn 1854 until summer 1585 (decision was hard to make) At the end of 1584, the French Catholic League signed the Treaty of Joinville. Key term Definition Circumnavigate To travel all the way around the world Autonomy The right to self-government, so people of one country can manage its own affairs Sacking To rob a town or city using violence, causing a lot of damage, usually in war time Expeditionary force An armed force sent to a foreign country to achieve a specific function or objective Mercenary A soldier who fights for money rather than a nation

Exam Practice 16 Marks ‘The decline in Anglo-Spanish relations in the years ’. How far do you agree? Explain your answer. You may use the following in your answer: Drake’s voyages to the New World The Netherlands You must also use information of your own P – Yes, I agree the main reason for/no I disagree the main reason for ……………… was…….………………… E - For example/give a fact……………………………………………….. E - This meant that…………………………………………………………. L - Therefore …………………………………………………………… P - This was the most important cause because…………………………… P – Another reason for ……………… was…….…………………………. P - This was the second most important cause because……………… It was less important that ……..because ………………. P – A third most important reason for ……………… was…….…………………. P - This was the third most important cause because…………………………… P - The least important reason for ……………… was…….…………………………. P - This was the least important cause because…………………………… In conclusion I agree/disagree with the statement that the (use wording of question)……………… I think this because………….. it is more important than………………… because…………………………………………..

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Outbreak of war with Spain, 1585-88
Relations with Spain Outbreak of war with Spain, England’s direct involvement in the Netherlands, After the Treaty of Joinville was signed (1584), Elizabeth could no longer avoid direct intervention in the Netherlands 1585= Elizabeth takes direct action In the June of this month, Dutch Protestant representatives came to England offering Elizabeth sovereignty of the Netherlands. Elizabeth refused because if she would to agree then this would mean having to depose Philip II of Spain Extend your knowledge The Treaty of Nonsuch (10 August 1585) Signed between Elizabeth and the Dutch protestants which put England at war with Spain. Elizabeth had agreed to intervene directly in the Netherlands on the side of the rebels Philip thought the English wold stay out of the Netherlands as they belonged to the Spanish England would finance an army of 7,400 English troops under a commander of her choosing. He would work with the rebels’ government, the Council of State (this was Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester) The Treaty of Berwick (1586) England and Scotland signed it It made England’s borders more secure and enabled Elizabeth to focus on the Netherlands. The terms of the treaty were: 1) Elizabeth I and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their countries’ religion 2) Elizabeth I and James VI agree to help each other if invaded Robert Dudley’s work in the Netherlands In October 1585, Elizabeth also sent Drake to raid Spanish New World settlements, with the aim of disrupting Philip II’s flow of resources and wealth. This only angered Philip though instead of stopping him In 1585, Philip told the pope that he intended to invade England by the end of the year 1) England’s intervention in the Netherlands was not a great success- Elizabeth was still hoping to repair relations with Spain and negotiate. So Leicester was not given enough money for men or supplies to mount a large campaign 2) Campaign started badly. January 1586, Leicester accepted the title ‘Governor General of the Netherlands’ on Elizabeth’s behalf. This angered Elizabeth as it implied she was deposing Philip II as King of the Netherlands 3) In the summer of 1586, English forces only managed to slow down Duke of Parma’s advance through Netherlands. They had taken some forts outside of Spanish controlled town of Zutphen (September). January 1587= lost one, Zutphen fort

Outbreak of war with Spain, 1585-88
Relations with Spain Outbreak of war with Spain, Robert Dudley’s work in the Netherlands continued January when Dudley lost the Zutphen Fort because it was handed over to an English captain (Rowland York) who changed over to the Spanish side. He defected along with Sir William Stanley who had been the governor of the own called Deventer and gave it to the Spanish. After this, the Dutch found it difficult to trust Leicester (especially since Leicester appointed Stanley) Dudley was called back to England in November 1586 but returned to Netherlands in (He still didn’t have enough resources or men. Dudley did manage to cause the Duke of Parma enough problems to prevent him from taking the major, deep-water port of Ostend. This failure proved important in the failure of the Spanish Armada. Elizabeth recalled Dudley in 1587 from the Netherlands for good Reasons English campaign in Netherlands failed Elizabeth was never fully behind the rebels as she still hoped to negotiate with Spain. This was why Elizabeth never gave Dudley too much money/resources Dudley and Elizabeth had different aims in the Netherlands. Dudley wanted to free Netherlands from Spanish (make It independent) Elizabeth wanted Netherlands to be governed in the same way it had in 1548 Relations between the English and Dutch rulers were poor because of Elizabeth’s lack of commitment 1) Since January 1586, Spain had been preparing an armada to attack England . In March 1587, Elizabeth ordered Drake to attack the Spanish navy 4) Drake only captured one colony but because of this, Spain had to break off from building the Armada to defend against Drake. This delayed the Spanish Armada by a year and helped England prepare Singeing of the King of Spain’s beard 2) On 19 April, Drake sailed into Cadiz harbour (Spain’s most important port) and destroyed 30 ships over the course of 3 days. He also destroyed much of the fleet’s provisions. This was nicknamed ‘The singeing of the King of Spain’s beard’ 3) Drake spent several weeks attacking the coast of Portugal before heading to Azores. Drake’s aim was to capture Spanish treasure ships bringing silver from Spain’s New World colonies

The Armada Relations with Spain Causes
Mary, Queen of Scots’ execution in 1587 is often mistake for causing the Spanish Armada but in reality this decision had been made as early as October 1585 Philip II’s strategy 4) The final stage would require Parma to march on London from Kent, depose Elizabeth and impose a new, catholic government in England 1) With 130 ships, 2341 guns and around 30,000 men, this Armada was the largest fleet in Europe. 2) It was put under the control /command of the Duke of Medina-Sidonia and the fleet were ordered to sail along the English channel to the Netherlands 3) Travelling this way along the English channel, they would then join up with the Duke of Parma. Together they would transport 27,000 troops to Kent. Key term Definition Fireships Empty ships set on fire and sent in the direction of the enemy to cause damage and confusion Propaganda Biased information used to promote a point-of-view

The Armada Relations with Spain
How did England defeat the Spanish Armada? English ship design One reason for English victory was its ships as well as long term planning The treasurer of the navy was called John Hawkins and he had advised Elizabeth years before that the English warships had to be fast and easy to manoeuvre This meant they could turn their guns on the enemy quicker These new ships were called galleons and they were built from the early 1570s In addition, the cannons were mounted on small gun carriages on English ships. English ships also had a large deck which gave cannons enough room to recoil after it had fired English cannons could also be reloaded by a small team of men and meant cannon balls could be fired at the Spanish with more speed. However, England only had 24 galleons by 1588 so these cannot solely be seen as the main reason the Spanish lost Spanish supplies The Armada could have been better supplied as provisions were stored in barrels made of inferior wood The reason for this was because Drake had destroyed so many barrels during his raid on Cadiz. This meant that new barrels had to be created quickly There were delays in setting sail and also bad weather so the Armada had been at sea for over 10 weeks when it met the English. When the English boarded the Spanish ships they found that the Spanish food had rotten. In addition, the Armada was low on supplies of the necessary cannon balls. The cannon balls they had were of poor quality Planning and communication issues Philip’s initial plan was for Medina-Sidonia to join with Parma (Parma led a fleet from the Netherlands) but this had problems. 1) The Duke of Parma didn’t control any deep-sea ports (large war ships needed these). This meant that he had to lose a lot of small ships and it meant it would take 48 hours to load, man and set sail once the Duke of Medina-Sidonia arrived 2) Communications between Medina-Sidonia and Parma were unreliable because they had to be sent by sea. It took a week for word to reach Parma that Medina-Sidonia was in the Channel The message got there too late so Medina-Sidonia’s fleet was not ready to set sail for another 48 hours (English were ready to attack English tactics The armada was spotted in the English channel (July 1588) and the English opened fire on the 31st July, capturing 2 ships. The armada chased the Armada down the channel- there were some exchanges of heavy cannon fire off the Isle of Wight (3-4 August) Exchange was useful. Medina-Sidonia had to anchor safely off the Isle of Wight. Stopping for a couple of days might have meant that Parma received Medina-Sidonia’s messages in enough time to get the Dutch fleet ready for his arrival. Off the coast of the Isle of Wight the English were able to fire as many as 6 times more cannon balls than the Spanish

The Battle of Gravelines 8, August 1588
Relations with Spain The Armada The Battle of Gravelines 8, August 1588 1) It happened on the night of 6th August and it was when England sent fireships amongst the Spanish fleet. They created havoc by scattering the Armada Most of destruction was caused by gales and poor weather. They tried to return home around Scotland bit the weather destroyed Spanish Ships 2) The fireships did not cause actual damage but it resulted in the Armada taking time to regroup Medina-Sidonia had to fight without Parma’s ships, which were not ready. They were no match for the more mobile English ones which had cannons easier to load Philip was temporarily halted. But: The defeat did not harm his control over his empire. He tried other armadas in 1596 and Both were destroyed by storms. The English rejoiced – they took it as a sign that God was on their side. But:: The English did not defeat Spain and the war dragged on. An English naval attack on Portugal in 1589 failed. In 1595 a small Spanish force raided Cornwall. Elizabeth's reputation as 'Gloriana' peaked. But: The later years of her reign were a time of failure and conflict with Parliament. England was able to continue causing trouble for the Spanish Empire. English pirates continued to attack Spanish treasure ships. English slave traders illegally carried slaves to the West Indies. But: The Roanoke colony disappeared, and was never seen or heard of again. England did not plant another colony in America until The Armada was not the beginning of an English empire in the New World.

Exam Practice _____________________________________
12 Marks Explain why the Catholic threat to Elizabeth I increased after 1566. You may use the following in your answer: The Dutch Revolt Mary, Queen of Scots’ arrival in England in 1568 You must also use information of your own POINT One reason why (use the words from the question)……………… EVIDENCE Evidence to support this is(add two specific facts/sentences here) …………………………………………………………………………….. EXPLAIN This meant that ……………………………...………….. LINK Therefore ………………………………………………………… DO THIS PARAGRAPH THREE TIMES!! _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Elizabethan Society in the Age of Exploration Key Topic 3

Education Education and Leisure
Although there was no national system of schooling , education was becoming increasingly valuable in Elizabethan England. While attitudes to education were beginning to change, they still reflected the social hierarchy of the country. Only a small percentage of children (mainly boys) went to school at all. Very few girls received a formal education. There were new influences on education known as humanists who believed learning was important in its own right. To them education was important if people were to stop being so superstitious and fulfil their potential as human beings. However they did not have much impact on education in this era. Education Middling Sorts and Grammar Schools 42 were founded in the 1560s. These were private schools set up for boys considered to be bright who largely came from well-off families. School began at 6am and finished at 5pm. The focus of the curriculum was Latin. Labourers and Poor Children Most Elizabethans had no formal education as the majority were farmers or labourers. They learned what they needed from their families working on the land or in the home. The Nobility Children learned a variety of languages including Latin, Greek, History and Theology. Many nobles families ensured their daughters were educated too learning things such as needlework and horse riding. Petty Schools and Schools for Girls Petty schools were often set up in teacher’s homes. Boys would start their education here if their parents could afford it. They would learn reading and writing and would be punished for poor behaviour. Girls would go to Dame Schools and was focused on the home. It was important to know how to preserve food, bake and sew. Discipline and Punishments Two boys were made monitors and reported to the teacher. Punishments included: exclusion, being on report, being kept in at break and corporal punishment. Merchants and Craftsmen Some grammar schools ran an alternative curriculum for the sons and merchants of craftsmen. These focuses on more practical academic subjects such as: English, Arithmetic and Geography. It focused on preparing boys for life. Skilled Craftsmen and Yeomen For these boys whether children could go to school or not often depended on whether their family could manage without having them help in the family business or in the home. A child’s education depended on whether their parents valued a school-based education.

Different types of Education
Education and Leisure Education Different types of Education How much of an impact? It is estimated that around 30% of men and 10% of women were literate by the end of Elizabeth I’s reign in 1603, compared with 20% of men and 10% of women in the 1530s. This suggests that there was an improvement in education for boys during Elizabethan England but not for girls. Leading thinkers and writers increasingly believed in women having a good education but they were usually highly-educated and well-off and the main obstacle to schooling was the cost. There weren’t only fees to consider but also the loss of family income from children no working. This might explain why ordinary people’s attitudes to educating their daughters does not seem to have changed in Elizabethan times. Girls were expected to marry, not to work outside the home. Boys were expected to find paid employment and support their wives and children. A little education could help them find better jobs. Universities For those that were able to go on to higher education Elizabethan England had two universities: Oxford and Cambridge. Unlike today you would start university at the age of 14 or 15. The curriculum included Geometry, Music, Astronomy, Philosophy, Logic and Rhetoric (the art of public speaking and persuasion). The highest university qualification was the doctorate and these could be taken in Medicine, Law or Divinity. Oxford and Cambridge universities are made up of different colleges many of which were founded by the Tudors. In 1571 Elizabeth I founded Jesus College in Oxford to educate Welsh boys. Elizabeth’s aim was to educate more Protestant clergymen to increase their numbers. In London the Inns of Court trained lawyers. Some young men went to study and practise law at the Inns of Court, rather than Oxford or Cambridge for their higher education.

Leisure Education and Leisure
As with many other aspects of life in Elizabethan England, your social class and gender could determine what sports and leisure activities you could participate in. The wealthier classes had much more opportunity to enjoy leisure. Nobility – hunting, hawking, fishing, fencing, real tennis. Working people: football (no rules, picking up the ball to run, no set number of players, no set size of pitch) some men died. Music and Dancing Many people played instruments such as lutes, spinets and harpsichords. Listening to music performances was also hugely popular. New music was being composed to accompany new non-religious plays. Dancing was very popular but upper and lower class people did not dance together. Leisure Baiting A bear would be chained to a post and dogs unleashed on it. Despite the bear’s teeth being broken short many dogs were still killed. Bull baiting was also popular and this fight was to the death. Cock Fighting Cockerels were made to wear metal spurs to attack each other as well as using their beaks. All classes enjoyed this sport. Theatre Theatre developed as a result of Protestantism which influenced many aspects of Elizabethan life. Mystery plays were the most common form of theatre – these plays brought the Bible and saints’ stories to life. Elizabeth put a stop to these plays as she was worried it would encourage religious violence. Theatre now focused on new non-religious plays and these became very popular. Theatre was popular with all classes. Literature History was a popular subject as were accounts of voyages of discovery, and translations of Latin and Greek classics. The most popular form of creative writing were poetry and plays.

Exam Practice _____________________________________
4 Marks Describe two features of the Elizabethan leisure time for the working classes. POINT One feature of……………………………………is ………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. EXPLAIN This is a key feature because…………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………. POINT Another feature of………………………….……is ………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… EXPLAIN This is a key feature because………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Who were the Poor? The Problem of the Poor
Unemployment and illness could lead to starvation. Elizabethan society was concerned with those who were poor enough to need financial help (poor relief) or charity (alms) or who begged or were homeless. They were also concerned with ‘itinerants’ – people who had moved from their home parishes looking for work. Modern historians sometimes identify the poor as those who spent 80% of their income on bread. The survey of the poor undertaken in Norwich in 1570 showed that 40% of the poor counted were under 16 years old. Families also led by women were also poor.

Changing Attitudes Towards the Poor
The Problem of the Poor Changing Attitudes Towards the Poor Impotent and Able-Bodied Poor There was some financial help available for the poor known as poor relief. JPs organised poor relief and for many Elizabethans helping the poor was part of their Christian charity. Tudor people were sympathetic towards those who were unable to work because of age or illness (impotent) those who were fit to work (able bodied) were treated more harshly. When trade (especially cloth trade) was bad there was an increase in the number of able-bodied poor. The Urban Poor Many people left their home villages to look for work in towns and cities. Many people became beggars or turned to a life of crime. Outside London’s city walls the poor built shacks which were tightly packed together. Elizabeth’s government came to recognise that unemployment was a genuine problem. Impact of Elizabethan Poor Laws Poverty continued to be a major problem. This is because the conflict with Spain and the revolt in the Netherlands hit trade hard. The most important change to Elizabethan poor laws was that unemployment was recognised as a genuine problem Government Action Elizabeth’s government adopted a national approach to deal with the poor. Local officials had to collect poor rates on a weekly basis and distribute them to the impotent poor. New laws were passed (see table below) because of the fear of vagrancy and social unrest.

Exam Practice _____________________________________
4 Marks Describe two features of the Elizabethan system of poor relief that were new. POINT One feature of……………………………………is ………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. EXPLAIN This is a key feature because…………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………. POINT Another feature of………………………….……is ………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… EXPLAIN This is a key feature because………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What led to Exploration?
Exploration and Voyages of Discovery What led to Exploration? New Technology 1584 – Thomas Harriot worked out a simpler way of using the Sun to calculate the true sailing direction of a ship. This made voyages safer, more direct and faster. Quadrants and Astrolabes had been increasingly used to make more accurate calculations about ship’s position and they used the position of the stars to do this. 1569 – Mercator Map was developed by map maker Gerardus Mercator. He used parallel lines of longitude and latitude to place lands more accurately on maps. Sailors now has a much more realistic picture of the world. Trade The vast majority of the Americas were undiscovered and there were hopes of finding even more riches. John Hawkins was a navigator and slave trader – he first bought slaves from Africa in 1562, transported them across the Atlantic and sold them to Spanish colonists. He bought ginger, animal hides and pearls with some of the money he earned making him a huge profit. He repeated the journey in 1564. This laid the foundations for the Triangular Trade system. Ship Design Galleons were developed in the 16h century and these ships were much lager than traditional trading ships. Galleons enabled more supplies to be taken on board which are essential for long journeys across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, Galleons also used different sail types and masts to make them easier to manoeuvre. They also had gun decks running the length of the ship so cannons could fire from the sides.

Why did Drake Circumnavigate the Globe?
Exploration and voyages of Discovery Why did Drake Circumnavigate the Globe? His main purpose was to raid Spanish colonies in the Pacific. Relations with Spain were deteriorating at this time and this appears to have been upmost in the Queen’s mind. Drake also wanted revenge. By 1578 relations between England and Spain were poor and getting worse. In Drake accompanied John Hawkins on a third trans-Atlantic expedition. This time the Spanish were prepared for battle. He English were attacked at St Juan de Ulua and their fleet was devastated with 325 of their sailors killed. There was also great profits to be made from the journey to the Americas. Some estimated put Drake’s treasure haul at £500,000,000 in today’s money!

Why was Drake’s Circumnavigation of the Globe Important?
Exploration and Voyages of Discovery Why was Drake’s Circumnavigation of the Globe Important? England as a great sea-faring nation Drake set out with 5 ships and by the time he reached the Pacific in 1578 he only had one left: the Golden Hind. One sailor, Thomas Doughty, was executed on voyage accused of mutiny. Despite this Drake and his 56 men returned to England in after circumnavigating the globe. They were the second group in history to have achieve this and it was a great boost for English morale an reputation. Encouraging Exploration Drake and his crew survived in part by raiding Spanish ships and colonies up the coast o South America. They gathered a great deal of useful information about the Americas as well as keeping thorough logs of their voyage that could be written up and shared with other English sailors. Anglo-Spanish damaged relations The attacking of Spain’s colonies angered Philip II. Elizabeth knighted Drake on the Gold Hind and this sent a clear message to Philip II. He regarded Drake as a pirate and Elizabeth was rewarding this. Nova Albion June 1579: the Golden Hind was in urgent need of repair – Drake landed in a bay that was probably north of modern San Francisco. The local Native Americans treated the English with great hospitality and performed a ceremony that Drake took to be the equivalent of a coronation. He therefore named the region Nova Albion and declared Elizabeth I to be its sovereign. Elizabeth gave her explorers the right to take any land that no other Christian leader had claimed (even though the Pope gave the Americas to the Spanish and the Portuguese). This encouraged the idea that Europeans could settle and even rule in the Americas. Encouraging colonies in America 1578 – Drake was undertaking his circumnavigation and Elizabeth I gave Sir Humfrey Gilbert permission to set out on a voyage of discovery to North America. It ended in disaster and Gilbert was bankrupted. 1583 – he was prepared to set out again. Drake had returned to England with wealth and reports that encouraged adventurers and investors to continue trying to stablish their own colonies there.

Exam Practice 16 Marks ‘The main reason that voyages of exploration were undertaken during Elizabeth I’s reign was to increase England’s wealth’. How far do you agree? Explain your answer. You may use the following in your answer: Anglo-Spanish relations Developing trade You must also use information of your own P – Yes, I agree the main reason for/no I disagree the main reason for ……………… was…….………………… E - For example/give a fact……………………………………………….. E - This meant that…………………………………………………………. L - Therefore …………………………………………………………… P - This was the most important cause because…………………………… P – Another reason for ……………… was…….…………………………. P - This was the second most important cause because……………… It was less important that ……..because ………………. P – A third most important reason for ……………… was…….…………………. P - This was the third most important cause because…………………………… P - The least important reason for ……………… was…….…………………………. P - This was the least important cause because…………………………… In conclusion I agree/disagree with the statement that the (use wording of question)……………… I think this because………….. it is more important than………………… because…………………………………………..

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Investigating and Promoting the Virginia Project
Raleigh and Virginia Walter Raleigh’s Importance Investigating and Promoting the Virginia Project Raleigh sent a fact-finding expedition to Virginia in 1584. The explorers who went were able to barter tin utensils and metal knives for game, fish, nuts and a variety of fruits. And vegetables. The Indians were very welcoming to the English. The accounts brought back to England described this part of North America as a paradise. Raleigh used these findings to persuade a group of English men to leave their homes an make the dangerous voyage across the Atlantic. They were convinced they would find their fortunes in Virginia. This was important as the first expeditions had not been successful and in London other travellers had spread rumours of fantastical monsters and brutal savages in America. Manteo an Wanchese the 1584 expedition also brought two Native American Indians, Manteo and Wanchese, back to England. They were very useful. Thomas Harriot learned their language (Algonquian) and taught them English He was then able to make an English-Algonquian ‘dictionary’. Manteo and Wanchese also helped the first English colonists to establish contact with their people. Raising Funds The cost of colonisation was enormous – there was not enough money to successfully colonise in the New World by just trading on the voyage. But there were other economic benefits to be had that made the voyage worthwhile. Native Americans would barter things for simple, cheap English goods like woollen cloth. The colony would provide work for English cloth makers and merchants. The colony could provide exotic materials such as gold and tobacco that could be brought back to England. Because of these gains, there would be plenty of revenues for the English government. Raleigh hoped that the government would fund the new colony – the Queen refused. Elizabeth was very careful with money and had other financial concerns at the time such as threat from Spain. She did suggest that the land colonised should be called Virginia in her honour. She also have Raleigh a ship and gunpowder worth £400. Raleigh promised investors that he would take any Spanish ships that he came across, including their cargoes. Raleigh also invested a lot of his own money in the venture. In 1585 he had the resources he needed.

Organising the Virginia Project
Raleigh and Virginia Organising the Virginia Project Stage 1: Finding Colonists and Sailors Finding these people were difficult. In the end Raleigh’s colony had only 107 colonists rather than the 300 he had hoped for. They were all men Almost half were soldiers but there were landowners, farmers, skilled craftsmen and also a mathematician. Many were attracted by the promise of making their fortune in Virginia. Stage 2: Appointing Leaders Raleigh was not allowed to lead the expedition himself. Elizabeth I considered it too dangerous to risk her favourite courtier who was needed in England as fear of Spanish invasion grew Raleigh chose the following men as leaders: Richard Grenville: Expedition Commander – Grenville was a very experiences sailor and soldier. He did not get on with Ralph Lane, the governor of Virginia. He was known to be feared rather than loved. Ralph Lane: Governor of Virginia – Lane was an expert on fort building. He was also an explorer and a battle hardened soldier who could rise to a challenge. He enjoyed hardship and pitting his wits against nature with his ‘can do’ attitude. Thomas Harriot: Translator and Cartographer – Harriot had worked with Manteo and Wanchese to learn Algonquin. He understood navigation and was skilled at making maps. Stage 3: Ships and Timing Raleigh sent 5 ships to Virginia: Tiger, Roebuck, Lion, Dorothy and Elizabeth. The Tiger was the largest and carried all perishables – meats, vegetables, beer, wine, seeds and grain for bread. The ships left England on 9 April 1585 with a journey of several weeks ahead of them. This was already too late for planting some of their crops needed to seem them through winter. The English landed on Roanoke Island in late 1585.

Why was the Colonisation of Virginia Significant?
Raleigh and Virginia Why was the Colonisation of Virginia Significant? Undermining Spain It provided England with a base from which to attack Spanish colonies in the New World. Virginia was ideally placed – not too far from Florida and the Caribbean for attacks to be launched, but far enough away to be reasonably safe from the Spanish. So the early colonisation of North America was part of England's conflict with Spain. In the long term England hoped to rival Spain’s overseas empire and undermine its influence in the New World. The roots of the British Empire In the next century, the English did indeed succeed in establishing a strong presence in North America . Although these early attempts to settle in Virginia failed, they did provide an opportunity to learn from the mistakes made. The roots of the British Empire that developed in the 18th and 19th centuries can be found in these 16th-century experiments on settling in new foreign lands. Economic Benefits Trade was vital to the English economy. Elizabeth I had hoped to encourage English merchants to find new markets as the conflict with Spain made trading in Europe increasingly difficult. Relying on the Netherlands as England’s main market and trade route was far too risky by the 1560s. Many of the things that were supplied from Southern Europe and the Mediterranean could be provided from Virginia. If England could control it, it would not be dependent upon countries like Spain, the Italian states and France for fruit, vines, spices and other luxuries. Tobacco is probably the most famous new crop and trade opportunity brought to England. It was popularised at court by Walter Raleigh. Sugar cane was another valuable crop.

Why did attempts to Colonise Virginia Fail?
Raleigh and Virginia Why did attempts to Colonise Virginia Fail? The Voyage The colonists left England too late to reach Virginia in time to plant crops. Also before the colonists arrived many were ill – the climate was too hot, humid and mosquitoes were everywhere. Because of this food rotted quickly. Disaster struck when the ship Tiger became damaged a leak damaged the food and seeds it was carrying. The dried peas and beans were rescued and were edible but they could not be planted. The colonists were now dependent on the Native Americans for food. Colonists: Expectations and Reality Many merchants had come in the hope of getting rich quickly rather than being prepared to put in the necessary groundwork for establishing a new colony. Being faced with the prospect of foraging for nuts and berries when the winter came was not what these men had signed up for. The colonists did not cooperate effectively either - the merchants and ‘gentlemen’ amongst them had no intention of doing any physical work. They had expected to use Native Americans as labour. Those colonists who were farmers were not willing to work for the upper class. The solider that has volunteered for the voyage were important when it came to defending the colony and leading expeditions to explore unchartered territory but they did not have the skills to farm land and were also ill-disciplined – at least one soldier was executed and his body was left to rot as a warning to others. There were too many craftsmen and not enough farmers – many bakers, weavers and brewers did not have the necessary raw materials and English fishing techniques did not work in the shallow waters of Roanoke. Inexperience Overall the colonists were very reliant on the Native Americans for their survival. To some extent the expedition’s problems stemmed from it being the first ever undertaking of its kind by the English. Although Raleigh clearly tried to think of everything needed for a thriving colony, there were not enough of the right kinds of people. Roanoke . Native American Resistance .

Why did attempts to Colonise Virginia Fail? Native American Resistance
Raleigh and Virginia Why did attempts to Colonise Virginia Fail? Native American Resistance The colonists were lucky to have Manteo and Wanchese with them to help establish relations with Algonquian people. However it was not enough. The local chief Wingina ruled Roanoke Island and a small settlement on the mainland – he was unpredictable an suspicious of the English. He also grew tired of the constant demands for food handouts from the settlers. Although welcoming at first, Wingina turned against the English settlers. Wingina believed that he English had supernatural powers from their God and they directed them against the Native Americans. Many believed this because the English seemed to have the power to kill them without touching them: it was noticed that after the English left a settlement, many natives would die from strange causes they had never seen before. These were actually diseases brought from England that the natives had not encountered before. There were also some violent clashes between the natives and English as the hardships of winter set in and the colonists wanted more handouts. By Spring 1586, Wingina asked other chiefs to join him to attack the English. Lane found out about the planned ambush, and was prepared. What happened next is unknown as Lane’s journal as pages missing – however records do show that he decided the colony had reaches crisis point. Lane and the remaining colonists left Virginia and arrived back in Portsmouth on 27 July 1586 Roanoke Despite the result of the first attempt, another attempt to colonise Virginia set out from England in 1587. This time there were 17 women and several families on board. Many colonists came from London’s poverty stricken alleys – they would be familiar with hardship and willing to work hard for a better life in the New World. Each was guaranteed at least 500 acres of land to farm. Manteo was made Lord of Roanoke by Raleigh and the artist, John White, was put in overall charge of the expedition. White had already survived the 1585 colonisation and knew what to expect; Manteo might be able to encourage local Indians to co-operate with the English more. However, Indians were hostile from the start. John White’s adviser, George Howe, disappeared. He was found dead. He had 16 arrow wounds. Manteo led an attack against the local Roanoke Indians as a retaliation. But it was a mistake; they killed some of the remaining friendly Indians from nearby Croatoan settlements instead. John White was asked to go back to England to update Raleigh – when he returned to Roanoke 3 years later in 1590, it was deserted. What happened to the settlement remains a mystery – it is thought that hurricanes could have destroyed it – but what happened to the colonists? The word Croatoan was found carved into a post – this suggested that they had relocated to nearby Croatoan settlement by they were never found.

Exam Practice _____________________________________
12 Marks Explain why the attempt to colonise Virginia in was a failure. You may use the following in your answer: The colonists Wingina You must also use information of your own POINT One reason why (use the words from the question)……………… EVIDENCE Evidence to support this is(add two specific facts/sentences here) …………………………………………………………………………….. EXPLAIN This meant that ……………………………...………….. LINK Therefore ………………………………………………………… DO THIS PARAGRAPH THREE TIMES!! _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Early Elizabethan England Knowledge Booklet

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