1. EET 1131 Unit 4 Programmable Logic Devices
Read Kleitz, Chapter 4.
Homework #4 and Lab #4 due next week.
Quiz next week.
FIRE UP QUARTUS
-Do Quiz #3.
Handouts: Unit 4 Practice Sheets, page 5 of GAL22V10 datasheet; Altera board; Altera board assignment sheet

2. Programmable Logic
Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) are chips with a large number of gates that can be configured with software to perform a specific logic function. Major types of PLDs are:
SPLD (Simple PLD): the earliest type of programmable logic, used for smaller circuits with a limited number of gates.
CPLD (Complex PLD): contain multiple SPLD arrays and inter-connection arrays on a single chip.
FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array): a more flexible arrangement than CPLDs, with much larger capacity.

3. The Big Picture: Partial Hierarchy of Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)
Simple PLDs (SPLDs)
Programmable Array Logic (PALs)
Generic Array Logic (GALs)
Complex PLDs (CPLDs)
Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)

4. Programmable Logic
Advantages of PLDs over fixed-function chips include:
Reduced complexity of circuit boards
Lower power requirements
Less board space
Simpler testing procedures
Higher reliability
Design flexibility

5. Approximate Equivalent Densities
The Lattice GAL22V10 (a popular SPLD, in its day) is equivalent to about 500 logic gates.
A typical Altera MAX7000 CPLD is equivalent to about 2500 logic gates.
A typical Altera Cyclone FPGA is equivalent to about 50,000 gates.

6. Major PLD Manufacturers
Three big names in this field are
Xilinx, with 51% of market share
Altera, (purchased by Intel in 2015) with 34%
Lattice, with less than 10%
Market share numbers retrieved from Wikipedia on 9/10/2014.

7. Some Product Lines from Altera and Xilinx
CPLDs: MAX
FPGAs: Cyclone, Arria, Stratix
Programming software: Quartus II
Xilinx:
CPLDs: CoolRunner, XC9500
FPGAs: Vertix, Spartan, Kintex, Artix
Programming software: Vivado

8. PALs and GALs
SPLDs contain arrays of gates. Two important kinds of SPLD are PALs (Programmable Array Logic) and GALs (Generic Array Logic). A typical array consists of a matrix of conductors connected in rows and columns to AND gates.
A A B B
PALs have a one-time programmable (OTP) array, in which fuses are permanently blown, creating the product terms in an AND array. X
Simplified AND-OR array

9. PALs
PALs are programmed with a specialized programmer that blows selected internal fuse links. After blowing the fuses, the array represents the Boolean logic expression for the desired circuit.
A A B B
Example
What expression is represented by the array? X
Do as practice question 1.
X = AB + AB

10. GALs
The GAL (Generic Array Logic) is similar to a PAL but can be reprogrammed. For this reason, they are useful for new product development (prototyping) and for training purposes.
A A B B
GALs were developed by Lattice Semiconductor. X
In place of fuses we have floating-gate transistors, which are like fuses that can be “unblown” after they’re blown.

11. PALs and GALs
PALs and GALs are often represented by simplified diagrams in which a single line represents multiple gate inputs.
Input buffer
A A B B
Single line with slash indicating multiple AND gate inputs
Fuse blown AB
Do as practice question 2.
AB + AB
Fuse intact AB

12. GAL22V10
The GAL22V10 is a typical SPLD. It has 12 dedicated inputs pins and 10 pins that can be used as inputs or outputs.
Link to datasheet

13. GAL22V10 Fuse Map (partial)
Each of these
intersections is a fuse.
Each of these
AND gates has 44 inputs.
Input pins.
-This chip contains 5892 reprogrammable fuses.
Do practice questions 3 to 6.

14. CPLDs
A complex programmable logic device (CPLD) has multiple logic array blocks (LABs), each roughly equivalent to an SPLD. LABs are connected via a programmable interconnect array (PIA). Various CPLDs have different structures for these elements.
The PIA is the interconnection between the LABs.

15. FPGAs compared to CPLDs
Based on programmable AND array and fixed OR array.
Based on look-up table (LUT), which is basically a truth table. (Results in higher density.)
Both are programmed using the same software, using either schematic entry or text entry.
-Two different but equivalent ways of specifying a logic function: by drawing schematic diagram with ANDs and ORs, or by giving truth table. CPLD implementation is like the former, while FPGA is like the latter.
-A look-up table is like a memory in which you provide the address and the chip reads out what is stored at that address.

16. Programmable Logic Software
All manufacturers of programmable logic provide software to support their products. The process is illustrated in the flowchart.
The first step is to enter the logic design into a computer. It is done in one of two ways:
1) Schematic entry
2) Text entry using a hardware description language (HDL).

17. Programmable Logic Software
In schematic entry, the design is drawn on a computer screen by placing components and connecting then with simulated wires. After drawing the schematic, it can be reduced to a single block symbol:

18. Programmable Logic Software
In text entry, the design is entered via a hardware description language (HDL).
Learning an HDL takes longer than learning to do schematic entry. But for complex designs it can provide a more powerful and simpler way to enter designs.

19. Some Popular Hardware Description Languages
Open-standard HDLs
VHDL (IEEE 1076)
Verilog (IEEE 1364)
Proprietary HDLs
CUPL
ABEL (Advanced Boolean Expression Language, now owned by Xilinx)
AHDL (Altera HDL)

20. A VHDL Sample
One way of writing VHDL programs is to use Boolean-type statements. There are two parts to such a program: the entity and the architecture. The entity portion describes the I/O. The architecture portion describes the logic. Following is a short VHDL program showing the two parts.
entity Example is
port (B,C,D: in bit; X: out bit);
end entity Example;
architecture Behavior of Example is
begin
X <= (B or C) and D;
end architecture Behavior;

21. Simulation
After entering the circuit, the circuit is tested in a simulation. You can test the circuit with waveforms to verify the operation.
Example
The following shows the functional test of a counter using a waveform editor:

22. Device Programming
The final step is to send the programming file from the computer to the target device and test the implementation.
Shown is an Altera DE2-115 board with an Altera FPGA, along with switches, LEDs and many other I/O devices for testing your design after you’ve downloaded it to the FPGA.

23. Our Software and Equipment
Software: Altera’s Quartus II, version 13.0 sp1. (Free download, so you can install it at home.)
Hardware:
Altera Cyclone IV FPGA.
Chip is mounted on Altera’s DE2-115 experimenter’s board. (Manual on Intel’s website.)
-Walk them through starting a new project, placing an AND gate with I/O pins, and simulating.
-Show them board, switches, LEDs.

24. Finding Your Files in Windows
Here is the file that contains the gate diagram that you drew.

25. Displaying the File Extensions in Windows
To make Windows 7 display file extensions, select Tools > Folder Options… > View, then remove the check mark next to Hide extensions for known file types.

26. Caution: Be Sure to Open the Right File
To resume work on an existing project, one way is by double-clicking a file in Windows, without first opening Quartus.
But you must double-click the Quartus project file (Lab4LogicGates.qpf), not the block-diagram file (Lab4LogicGates.bdf).
Show them different ways to re-open the project in Quartus.

27. Three Ways of Representing a Digital Circuit (Looking ahead to Chapter 5)
Recall that we have at least three ways of describing a digital circuit:
Gate diagram.
Boolean expression.
Truth table.
Given any one of these, you should be able to write the other two.
See examples on following slides.

28. From Gate Diagram to Boolean Expression or Truth Table
Given a gate diagram, you should be able to:
Write a Boolean expression for the diagram.
Write the truth table for the diagram.
Example: Write a Boolean expression and the truth table for the following gate diagram.
Note: Can have multiple equivalent Boolean expressions. Similar to in a math class: z = 2(x+y) is equiv to z = 2x + 2y.
-Do as practice question 7, and then show how to do it in Multisim.

29. From Boolean Expression to Gate Diagram or Truth Table
Given a Boolean expression, you should be able to:
Draw a gate diagram that implements the expression.
Write the truth table for the expression.
Example: Draw a gate diagram and write the truth table for
X = AB + ABC
Note: can have multiple equiv gate diagrams for a given expression: trivial case of NAND versus AND followed by Inverter.
-Do as practice question 8, and then show how to do it in Multisim.

30. From Truth Table to Boolean Expression or Gate Diagram
Given a truth table, you should be able to:
Write a Boolean expression for that truth table. Here’s how:
For each row in the truth table with a 1 in the output column, list the corresponding AND term of the input variables.
OR together all of the AND terms from Step a.
Draw a gate diagram that implements the truth table.
Example: Write a Boolean expression and draw a gate diagram for the truth table on the next slide.

31. Example: From Truth Table to Boolean Expression or Gate DiagramC X 1
-Do as practice question 9, and then show how to do it in Multisim.
Take a quick look at Homework #4.