1. Sangeetha Purushothaman, Huairou Commission, Best Practices Foundation
Strategies, Barriers and Policies towards Creating a More Inclusive Society
Sangeetha Purushothaman, Huairou Commission,
Best Practices Foundation
UNESCO Headquarters
10-13 September 2007

2. What has exclusion meant in India?
It has meant historically that several communities are unable to participate effectively in the process of development, economically, socially and politically.

3. Structure of the Presentation
Situating critical importance of participation of local communities in the larger debates,
Strategies to facilitate participation of marginalized communities
Advantages and limitations of these strategies.
Gaps that need to be addressed
Institutional arrangements and capacity building measures to improve participation of all sections of local communities

4. Situating Participation in the Development Debate
Development without Participation
Development with Participation
Community Driven Goals
Participatory Planning
Implementation with people’s participation
Sustainable Outcomes
Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation
Goals
Planning
Implementation
Outcomes
Monitoring
and
Evaluation

5. Situating Participation in the Rights Debate
Democracy without Participation
Democracy with Participation
Democracy
Empowerment
Full Realization
Of Citizenship
Political Rights
Status
Rights
Economic
Political
Social
Democracy
Status of Citizenship
Empowerment
Full Realization
Of Citizenship

6. Interventions to Address Multi-Dimensional Nature of Poverty
Economic Empowerment
Social Empowerment
Political Empowerment
Community Mobilization
Community run microfinance (Mf) institutions and Services
Research And Advocacy
Livelihood strategies
Integrated Livelihood Strategy With Mf Services
Linking With Banks For Sustainability.
Natural Resource Management
Vocational Training.
Awareness on economic Programs And Entitlements
Advocacy towards greater access to and control over resources
Rights Awareness And Legal Literacy
Awareness On Programs and Entitlements (health, education and other social entitlement programmes)
Operationalizing and Monitoring Of Social Programmes and Social Indicators
Gender Sensitization
Gender planning, and budgeting
Build women’s institutions (federations and Women’s courts)
Advocacy towards access to social rights
Capacity building of local government
Capacity building of local government on participatory planning.
Link CBOs and local government
Train to contest elections (Pre and Post-election)
Train CBOs on local government roles
Train CBOs on participation in local assemblies
Expose CBOs to Government Departments
Leverage public infrastructure investment to complement SHG enterprises.
Monitoring delivery of public goods and services
Advocacy on good governance

7. Outcomes of Interventions
Economic Empowerment
Social Empowerment
Political Empowerment
Increased access to and control over resources by the poor and marginalized communities
Increased exercise of rights by marginalized populations
Increased power and decision making in the hands of marginalized communities

8. Common strategies used by all Approaches
Community Mobilization
Capacity Building
Networking, Justice Delivery Mechanisms and Advocacy
Convergence

9. The Participation Framework: Development, Rights and Sustainability
Economic
Political
Social
Rights
Democracy
Status of Citizenship
Empowerment
Full Realization
Of Citizenship
Goals
Community Mobilization
Capacity Building
Justice Delivery Mechanisms, Networking and Advocacy
Convergence
Planning
Monitoring and Evaluation
Implementation
Outcomes
Participation
Sustainable Livelihoods

10. Questions for Discussion
Community Mobilization
What is the role of the State in mobilizing communities?
What types of Linkages are needed between formal and informal CBOs?
What New Institutional Arrangements necessary for higher level decision making (Federations)?
What kinds of Partnerships are needed between State and Civil society institutions?

11. Questions for Discussion
Capacity Building
How to integrate rights and development interventions?
How to synergise different strategies across sectors?
How to build capacities of government to respond to needs of CBOs and each other?

12. Questions for Discussion
What kinds of Institutional arrangements are needed for
CBOs at various levels to have a voice in decision making?
CBOs and government to partner?
Convergence?

13. Questions for Discussion
How to facilitate convergence
From above and below?
Across traditional divides (rights/development, urban/rural, national/local)

14. Questions for Discussion
How to centre stage grassroots’ women?