1. AV- Growth of Government
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2. The Roots of Bureaucracy
Foreign Affairs, War, Treasury were first departments.
Growth in early 1800s with Post Office.
Patronage and the spoils system become common.
Civil War spawns another expansion. Creates department of Agriculture
Pendleton Act (Chester A. Arthur) is beginning of modern civil service system
Also known as merit system, requiring exam and hiring based on merit
Teddy Roosevelt creates department of Labor and Commerce, 1903
Creation of independent regulatory commissions. (ICC, FDA, etc)-to regulate abuses of business
Passage of 16th Amendment (Income tax) during Progressive era allows for expansion
? Are these early expansions necessary?

3. Twentieth-Century Bureaucracy
Growing number of cabinet departments.
Need for a larger government to support wars.
New Deal- To combat failings of laissez-faire capitalism, FDR created hundreds of new regulatory agencies
LBJ- Great Society (HUD, Dept of Transportation, EEOC)

4. Figure 9.1- Civilian Employment
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5. Modern Bureaucracy More than 2.7 million employees.
Most are selected based on merit- 90%. The other 10% are appointed policy making positions
Also have high-level appointees- Cabinet Secretaries must go through Senate approval process- “advise and consent”. President can choose to what degree he listens to them or makes own policy with EOP
Wide variety of skills represented.
Less diverse than America.
Scattered throughout D.C. and regional offices (Most actually outside of DC)
Growth of outside contractors in recent years, esp. in Conservative administrations (Military “sub-contractors like Blackwater)

6. Characteristics of Bureaucracy
Chain of command from top to bottom.
Division of labor.
Clear lines of authority.
Goal orientation.
Merit system- judged by qualifications and skills.

7. Figure 9.2- Employee Characteristics
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8. Figure 9.3- Agency Regions
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9. Formal Organization 4 types of Agencies
1. Cabinet departments handle broad, lasting issues-15 total
Headed by secretaries-confirmed by Senate
2. Government corporations act like businesses- (eg. Amtrak, TVA)
3. Independent executive agencies handle services (NASA, EPA)
Narrower than Cabinet department, independent.
4. Independent regulatory commissions watch industry (OHSA, NLRB, SEC, FCC)
Designed to be free from partisan pressure- not replaced when new President enters office

10. Figure 9.4- The Executive Branch
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11. The workings of the Bureaucracy Iron Triangles (Issue Networks)
Congress creates Bureaucratic agencies and funds them.
Main job is of Agencies is implementation of laws- Process of agencies making rules on industry, spending $ appropriating and executing executive wishes.
Policy concerning issues are made in iron triangles or issue networks (stable relationships between Bureaucratic agencies, Interest groups/business, and congressional committees). They each have something to offer to the other and they each rely on the other tow to exist (symbiotic relationship)
Example of Iron Triangle of Social Security spending
Interest group-AARP, Pharmaceutical Companies
Congressional Committee- House committee on aging
Bureaucratic Agency- Social Security Administration, Department of HHS

12. Figure 9.5- An Iron Triangle
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13. The Iron Triangle (Issue Network) of Tobacco

16. Government Workers and Politics
Hatch Act sets first boundaries (1939)- prevents civil servants from working on partisan political campaigns, making political contributions, working for a party and for campaigning
Federal Employees Political Act is current standard (1993)- liberalized the Hatch Act- civil servants now allowed to run for office in nonpartisan campaigns and to contribute money to partisan campaigns

17. Table 9.1- FEPA 
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18. Making Policy (Bureaucracy)
Administrative discretion allows a lot of latitude- laws written vaguely with many compromises- allows agencies flexibility in implementation
Rule-making is a quasi-legislative process- has the force of law, printed in Federal Register and take effect 30 days after printing.
Formal procedure for making regulations.
Administrative adjudication is quasi-judicial process- independent judges hear arguments for the agency
Used to settle disputes between two parties.

19. Agency Accountability
Unclear who agencies should be accountable to.
Presidents try to make the right appointments.
Can also shape policy through executive orders.
Congress can use oversight powers (usually hearings) and funding (power of the purse).
Judiciary can review regulations.

20. Figure 9.6- Rulemaking
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21. Table 9.2- Bureaucratic Agency Accountability
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