1. Cell Structure & Function

2. Cell Structures & Functions: Organelles
“Little Organs”

3. I can… be proficient in distinguishing between plant and animal cells
compare/contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
describe the structure and function of all cell organelles.

4. Prokaryotes DO NOT have a nucleus
Most ancient (oldest) cells on Earth.
Did not use Oxygen for respiration; used Carbon Dioxide from the atmosphere. They produced O2 gas as a by-product.
Lived in water. ONLY found in the Kingdom Monera (now divided into Archaebacteria and Eubacteria).
They are BACTERIA!!!!!!

5. Eukaryotes Have a nucleus.
They are found in all the other kingdoms: Protists, Fungi, Plants and Animals (like you)
They are thought to have evolved from prokaryotes living together symbiotically (both benefiting).
Endosymbiotic Theory : Evidence comes from the fact that mitochondria and chloroplast contain DNA similar to prokaryote DNA and they are able to reproduce independent from the cell

6. Welcome to Cell City

7. Nucleus Directs all activities of the eukaryotic cells.
Surrounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane) which has small holes in it called nuclear pores.

8. Nucleolus
Organelle inside the nucleus that constructs ribosomes.

9. Chromatin & Chromosomes
Located in the nucleus of a Eukaryotic cell.
Found floating around in a Prokaryotic cell. (circular formation called a plasmid & nucleoid).
Contains strands of DNA attached to proteins.
Chromosomes are the condensed form of chromatin.

10. Plasma (Cell) Membrane
A bi-layer (2 layer) of phospholipids joined together to surround the cell (1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids + phosphate group).
Regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

11. It acts as a protective boundary between the cell and its environment.
It helps maintain HOMEOSTASIS (stable internal balance) within the cell.
It only allows certain substances into and out of the cell….so it’s called selectively permeable!

12. Referred to as the “fluid mosaic model” because it’s a flexible membrane with many different components:
Cholesterol molecules help the fatty acids tails not to stick together.

13. Transport proteins: help move certain molecules across the membrane.
Other Proteins: provide support, flexibility, cell identification and communication, cell adhesion and enzyme receptors.

14. Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis.
Ribosomes take amino acids and produce proteins using directions from the DNA.

15. Cytoplasm
The fluid of the cells.
Also called cytosol.

16. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Cellular pathways used to transport proteins.
There are 2 Types:
Smooth (SER): no ribosomes attached
Rough (RER): ribosomes attached

17. Golgi Apparatus Sorts and packages proteins.
They are the UPS of the cells.
Produces little packages called vesicles.

18. Vacuoles In plant cells they are the largest organelles.
Responsible for storing large amounts of water.

19. Vacuoles In animal cells, they are much smaller and more numerous.
They store food and enzymes, and other materials needed by the cell.
Sometimes they store wastes.
Vacuoles

20. Lysosomes Digest cellular parts
Contain digestive enzymes that break down and digest worn-out organelles and food particles.

21. Chloroplasts & Chlorophyll
Organelles that capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy for plant cells.
Contains Chlorophyll:
The pigment used to trap light energy.
Gives plants their green color!
Belongs to a group called plastids (pigment containing organelles)
Note: The Sun is the ultimate energy source of all energy on Earth!!

22. Mitochondria Cite of cellular respiration (ENERGY)
They convert food into energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
Tissues or cells that use lots of energy have large numbers of mitochondria (inner membrane folded up to increase surface area which increases energy production)
Muscle cells have more mitochondria than skin cells.

23. Cytoskeleton: Microtubules & Microfilaments
Thin hollow fibers.
Can anchor cilia and flagella that help one-celled organisms to move.

24. Cell Wall An inflexible barrier found in plants.
It supports the cell and protects.
It is made of cellulose and has pores that allow molecules to pass through.

25. Centrioles
Found in animal cells.
Aids in cell division.

26. Compare & Contrast: Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
NUCLEUS
NUCLEOLUS
CELL MEMBRANE
PILUS
(tiny hair like projections)
GOLGI
DNA
(P:Plasmid)
(E:Nucleus) ER
CHOLORPLAST
CHLOROPHYLL
RIBOSOMES
LYSOSOME
CYTOPLASM
VACUOLE
MITOCHONDRIA

27. Compare & Contrast: Animal vs PlantER
VACUOLES
CELL WALL
CENTRIOLES
LYSOSOMES
CHLOROPLAST
GOLGI APPARATUS
CELL MEMBRANE
CHLOROPHYLL
RIBOSOMES
NUCLEUS
MITOCHONDRIA
CYTOSKELETON

29. Now Let’s Learn How to Prepare a Wet Mount Slide……