1. Ch. 26 WWI

2. Feeling Like War Olympics were created to maintain peace
Bismarck predicts a “Great war… it will start in the East”
Alliances were being drawn
France wanted to get back at Austria-Hapsburg for Franco-Prussian war
Treaties were signed to make more feared “teams” to prevent war
CENTRAL POWERS: (Triple Alliance)
Germany, Austria-Hapsburg, Italy
ALLIES: (Triple Entente)
France, Britain, Russia

3. Reasons for War
The Allies created an ENTENTE, nonbinding agreement to follow common policies
Germany signed with Ottoman Empire
Britain also grew close to Japan
Reasons for war:
Alliances
Imperialism/Economics
Nationalism
MILITARISM, glorification of the military

4. Competition
Old empires like Ottoman and Austria-Hapsburg were failing, competition for land grew
Countries competing for overseas territory
Built up armies, rivalries started
Great powers wanted to prove who was more powerful, “My muscles are bigger than your!”
Sensational journalism (exaggerated comments in newspapers) dramatized the arms races and stirred up opinions amongst the people
Created dreams for young men to gain glory by riding of into battle and showing patriotism (well they got all of that)

5. Nationalism… Again, then BOOM!
Nationalism strong in Germany and France and that helped lead to Franco-Prussian War
France lost ALSACE and LORRAINE, territories to the southeast of France
France wanted payback
Russia helped support a Pro-Slavic movement in the East
Russia protected Slavic people
Supported Serbia, a proud Slavic state
Ottomans and A-H(Austria-Hapsburgs) disliked the nationalism (threat to empires)
Both disliked the Slavs (boiling…)
Balkan states took territory from Turkey and fought amongst themselves for the spoils of war
Balkans called “Powder Keg” of Europe

6. BOOOOOOOOOOOOOM! The “Powder Keg” ignites in Sarajevo
Serbia and Austria-Hungary did not see eye to eye
Archduke Francis Ferdinand (nephew to Francis Joseph and heir to the throne) of A-H elected to take a visit to Sarajevo in Bosnia, despite the conflict
He was advised not to
News of the visit angered the Black Hand, Serbian terrorist group
Ferdinand and his wife rode in an uncovered car and GAVRILO PRINCIP took two shots
The Archduke and his wife were dead

7. What to do… World War or No World War
The assassination shocked Francis Joseph
He was reluctant to go to war, but his government thought otherwise
Kaiser William II was horrified and said “I got chor back dog,” to Francis Joseph
Urged a STRONG stand
The Austria ULTIMATUM, final set of demands
Austria told Serbia to end ALL anti-Austrian campaigns and punish anyone involved with the assassination plot
Let Austria join the investigation too!

8. Oh No… Serbia agreed to most, but not all Alliances kick in, YES!
Austria declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914
Germany backed them
Alliances kick in, YES!
Russia backed Serbia
Russia MOBILIZED, prepared its military forces
Germany declared war on Russia
France backed Russia
Germany declared war on France… GEEZ!

9. Invasion! Germany had a strategy
Italy and Britain remained neutral at this point
Britain was on the fence with helping France, then Germany invaded Belgium
Invading Belgium was a part of the SCHLIEFFEN PLAN, developed years earlier!?
Schlieffen Plan called for discouraged a two-front war (Russia and France, East and West)
Decided to attack France, because Russia was going to take awhile to mobilize
BELGIUM STOOD IN THE WAY

10. Reaction Germany decided to invade Belgium, August 3
Circle south around France and crush them!
As soon as Germany invaded Belgium, Britain said NO!
There was a treaty that protected Belgium’s neutrality
Britain declared war on Germany on August 4
War was not going to stop!
War brought relief to many countries with internal problems
War united the countries and strengthened patriotism
You were encouraged to fight for your country!

11. I Said… War… Ugh… Yeah… What is it Good For?!
The largest war of the time (one out of every four men did not come back)
Russia: 12 million troops
Britain: 9 million troops
France: 8.5 million troops
Germans: 9 million troops
The Belgians put up more of a fight than the Germans expected
France wasn’t easily defeated
The plan did go too well

12. Schlieffen Plan… FAIL! Why Schlieffen Plan no worky:
Russians mobilized faster than expected
Belgians put up more of a fight
Shifted troops to Russian front
British and French troops pushed back the Germans on the Marne river
Deep trenches were dug creating a STALEMATE, deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other
Battle lines in France didn’t change for 4 years!!!

13. Western Front
The line of stalemate for years was called the Western Front
Many men lived right in the trenches for extended periods of time
Used messenger dogs to jump the barb-wire to communicate with other trenches
In between the trenches became known as no-man’s land
Sometimes troops would go into the middle and claim other trenches, but often were taken back by a counter attack

14. Technology
Mass amounts of casualties were a result of more modern warfare technology
Two big weapons used
Rapid-fire machine gun
Down waves of individuals in seconds
Long-range artillery gun
Shell from 10 miles away and shrapnel kills or fatally wounds
Poison gas was first used by the Germans in 1915
Then allies began using it
Caused soldiers to get burns and blisters and it blinded and choked them… sometimes resulting in death

15. Tanks, Franks, Planes and Submarines
Gas-powered engines opened up Pandora’s box for large warfare technology
First time tanks, planes and submarines are used in war by both sides
1916, Brits introduced first armored tank
Mounted with machine guns, but broke down often
Aircraft were used during the war
At first used to spy on opposing troops
1915, Germans used ZEPPELINS, large gas filled balloons, to bomb the English coast
Planes were then equipped with guns and “dogfights” ensued
Aircraft battles had little effect on the war

16. Battle Germans also had U-BOATS, submarines
Comes from the word Unterseeboot
Had a MAJOR impact on the war
Opposing forces used CONVOYS, groups of merchant ships to protect supplies
The Eastern Front had more face to face battles, less trench warfare
Russia made way into Eastern Germany
Then suffered a horrible defeat in Tannenberg, causing them to retreat back to Russia, lacked modern tech.

17. Eastside and World The Balkans were another battleground
1915, Bulgaria joined Central Powers and helped defeat Serbia
1916, Romania joined Allies but crushed by Central Powers
1915, Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary, ending their Triple Alliance
Italy agreed to secret treaty with Allies for Austrian land
October 1917, Central forces went into Italy and took Caporetto, disastrous defeat (like Russia)
Allies helped stop the advance all the way into Italy

18. Around the World
Japan wanted German outposts in the Pacific and China, joined Allies
Ottoman Empire joins the Central Powers
Central Powers would have been encircled if Ottomans went with the Allies
Cutoff crucial supplies with Allies to Russia (DARDANELLES)
Battle of Gallipoli, 1915, was an attempt to open up the strait connecting the Black Sea to Mediterranean Sea
Allies lost battle after 200,000 casualties

19. Around the World Turkey fighting Russia in Caucus Mtns.
Armenians lived in Turkey and were Christian, a minority in Ottoman Empire
1914, Russians advanced and received help from Turkish Armenians
Entire Armenian population deported from Ottoman Empire (1.5 million Armenians killed)
Turkey hit hard in on a third front in Middle East
1916, Arab leader Husayn ibn Ali joined Britain and fought against the Ottomans
British Colonel T.E. Lawrence supported Arab revolt
Lawrence led guerrilla forces and defeated Ottomans, took Baghdad

20. Sec. 3 War and Winning
1917, War was putting a strain on many countries
The war effort became a TOTAL WAR, channeling of a nation’s entire resource supply for war
Governments controlled the economic and cultural lives of people
All countries except for Britain had a military CONSCRIPTION, draft requiring all young men to be ready for military service
Britain added conscription in 1916, Germany had forced civil labor
Governments raised taxes, rationed food, borrowed a bunch of money, set prices and forbid strikes

21. Economics of War
Britain had a blockade on the North Sea to stop transportation of goods
Confiscated CONTRABAND, military supplies and raw materials for war
Weren’t allowed to confiscate food and clothing by international law
Britain blocked both from Germany
winter in Germany known as ‘turnip winter,’ potato crop failed and ate turnips instead
U-boats then sunk any boat carrying goods to Britain
Attacked LUSITANIA off the coast of Ireland, 1,200 passengers killed (128 Americans)
Pres. Woodrow Wilson threatened to cut off relations, Germany agreed to surface before firing to allow people to get on lifeboats

22. Propaganda and Women
Both sides censored the horror of war to increase support and enlistment
A PROPAGANDA war, spreading of ideas to promote a cause or damage an opposing cause
Ads to increase loans to the military
Allies told about the decimation of Germany’s attack on Belgium, the waffle eaters
French and British told of ATROCITIES, horrible acts committed against innocent people
Women took over the jobs of men who went off to war and devoted labor to the war effort
First time women had roles very similar to men, started to change the perception of women

23. Is it Over Yet?! Morale was dropping fast by 1917!
British on brink of bankruptcy
Germany sending 15 year olds to war
Long casualty lists
Food shortages
Failed promised victories, poets attacked leaders
French soldiers mutinied, Italy soldiers deserted their posts and Russian soldiers left to start a revolution
Russian revolution starts
Poor leadership in war and corruption led to riots all over Russia in 1917
Russian monarchy fell, allies supported it, but COMMIES!!
Lenin promised out of the war (Brest-Litovsk Treaty w/ Germany), Russians loved him!

24. U.S. is in… U.S. declares war on Germany, Why?
1. Many Americans supported allies due to similar cultures
Other German and Irish Americans were Central powers supporters
, Germany announced unrestricted submarine warfare again, despite President Wilson’s threat
3. “The Zimmerman Note,” British intelligence ‘intercepted’ a message from Germany’s foreign minister Arthur Zimmerman stating that the Germans would help Mexico reclaim lost land to the U.S. in return for support in the war (Anti-German feelings rose)
4. “…make the world safe for democracy” – Woodrow Wilson

25. Fourteen Point Buck! Or War Resolution
Wilson proposed the FOURTEEN POINTS, list of terms for resolving this and future wars
Freedom of sea, trade, reductions in arms, no secret treaties, SELF-DETERMINATION (right of people in Eastern Europe to choose their own form of government) and a general association of nations to maintain peace
1918, Germans push back the Western Front 40 miles, then the Americans came
Germany pushed back into Germany and generals told the Kaiser the war could not be won
William II stepped down and fled for his life amid protests
Austria was crumbling, Hapsburgs, Bulgaria and Ottoman empires asked for peace
New German government sought ARMISTICE, agreement to end fighting, 11 A.M. on 11/11/1918… NO MORE WAR

26. Sec. 4 Peace Time…
President Wilson immediately sailed to Paris to bring peace to France
Peace wasn’t going to be easy
On top of war casualties, a PANDEMIC (spread of disease over a large area) was sweeping across the globe
The flu killed more than 20 million in 1918
Europe was destroyed from France to Russia and people came back to rebuild
The Allies blamed the Central Powers and demanded REPARATIONS, payments for war damage
The cost of war and rebuild was staggering!
The Central Powers looked for someone to blame for the loss and were not ready to pay

27. No Compromise While pointing fingers for losing, governments fell
Fell in Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire
RADICALS, people who wanted to make extreme changes, wanted a new social order and were gaining support after the disaster of WWI
Communism was now a thought
Colonial empires were now threatened, the locals did not think the imperial powers were so invincible anymore (Africa and Asia)

28. Paris Peace Conference
The Allies met in Paris to discuss the fate of Europe
Things on the plate: Ottoman Empire, colonies and Europe rebuild
Central Powers and Russia were not allowed to participate
Wilson was a mainstay at the conference
Sometimes hard to deal with
Other Allie leaders included British Prime Minister David Lloyd George and French Leader Georges Clemenceau
David’s goal: a post-war Britain fit for heroes
Georges’ goal: weaken Germany so it could not threaten again

29. I Want This… I Want That…
The other leaders circled the “Big Three”
Italy: wanted Austro-Hungarian lands as promised in the secret agreement (not satisfied under self-determination)
All the people ruled by Russia, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman empires wanted their own countries
Not everyone could be satisfied under self-determination
Many ethnic groups received not recognition
Wilson compromised on his 14 points but was able to create a LEAGUE OF NATIONS
Based on COLLECTIVE SECURITY, group of nations act as one to preserve peace for all

30. Treaty of Versailles
June 1919, Allies ordered German representatives of the German Republic to sign the treaty
Forced Germany to take full blame for causing the war
Huge reparations for the war which will cripple their economy
Covered destruction and the pensions of Allied soldiers and their families!
Total cost, $30 billion
Limited size of Germany’s military
Alsace and Lorraine returned to France
Took land from and both sides of Germany
Stripped all of Germany’s colonies

31. Outcome and Anger
Many German people in colonies and other countries returned to Germany and Austria
Germans angry and would build for 20 years
Other treaties signed for the other Central Powers
They did not like them
New nations
Poland became independent
Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia too
Three new republics
Czechoslovakia, Austria and Hungary rose out of the Hapsburg Empire (new South Slav state, Yugoslavia)

32. The Mandate System
Colonial leaders hoped for help under self-determination, but it didn’t apply to them
The Allies added MANDATES (territories controlled by Western Powers) to their vast colonial territories by adding German colonies in Africa, Asia, Australia
Gave Japan and Australia mandates in Pacific
Ottoman lands treated as mandates in Middle East
The mandates were supposed to only last until the people of the colonies could structure themselves, that did not hold true…

33. Hope… No… Not So Much
The one good thing to come out of the Paris Conference… The League of Nations
More than 40 nations joined and agreed to negotiate differences instead of going to war
Henry Cabot Lodge, a Republican Senator, and other senate member refused to ratify the treaty
Wanted to have the option to never join in any war
The U.S. senate resisted Wilson and the U.S. never joined the League of Nations
The power of the league was substantially weakened and had no power outside the 40 nations
The league could not prevent war, but was a step in the right direction

34. Russia and Unrest
Russia was controlled by landowning nobles, priests and an autocratic tsar
Peasants were in poverty, but as industrialization increased, a small middle class and urban working class emerged
Revolution in 1905 and the elected Duma were unsuccessful in taking power from the tsar, Nicholas II
Nicholas blocked attempts to limit power and relied on his secret police to impose his will
Corrupt bureaucracy and poor court system added to the government’s problems

35. Revolution and WWI
Marxist tried to spark revolution thought the PROLETARIAT, growing class of factory and railroad workers, miners and urban wage earners
WWI fueled nationalism and united Russia
Strained Russia resources though
Factories could not turn out enough supplies
Transportation was broke and slowed to a trickle
1915, Russia lacked guns and ammunition and lost 2 million soldiers that year alone!

36. WWI Nicholas went to the war front to help
He was no better than his poor generals
Left domestic affairs to the tsarina, Alexandra
She took advice from Gregory Rasputin
An illiterate peasant and self-proclaimed “holy man”
Alexandra believed Rasputin had “miraculous powers” after he helped her son overcome hemophilia
1916, Rasputin was running the government into the ground and nobles killed Rasputin on December 29, 1916

37. Disaster
March 1917, disasters on the war front and protests on the home front forced the tsar to step down
Demonstrators filled the streets and troops wouldn’t fire on thier own people, tsar, no power
Duma politicians set up a temporary government
Middle-class liberals prepared a constitution to make Russia a Republic
The war continued against Germany
Revolutionary socialists plotted for take over

38. Bolshevik Revolution
SOVIETS, councils of workers and soldiers, worked with the government, but then the Bolsheviks took over
They wanted revolution under V.I. Lenin
Revolutions occurred during March and November of 1917 (known as February and October Revolutions… who knew!)
Russia still had old calendar (18 days behind Western calendar), switched it in 1918 to Western calendar
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, was born in 1870 to a middle-class family
Changed his name to Lenin when he became a revolutionary
When 17, his older brother was hanged for plotting to kill the tsar, Lenin’s hate for the tsars grew

39. Lenin Lenin was a bright man
In college he met other socialists and practiced demonstrations
Was ultimately kicked out of school
Lenin spread Marxism to factory workers and other socialists
Through this he met his wife, Nadezhda Krupskaya, daughter of a poor noble family
They were both arrested and sent to Siberia, where they married and sought exile in Switzerland

40. Lenin and Marxist Views
Lenin adopted Marxist ideas
Working class to overthrow capitalism
Russia did not have a large proletariat
Lenin called for leadership by elite few or “dictatorship of the proletariat”
Represented a small percentage of socialists but gave them the name Bolshevik, “majority”
Most socialists urged for small moderate reformers to achieve ideas
Lenin called these capitalistic tricks
Revolution was the only way, said Lenin

41. Time to Strike
March 1917, Lenin still in exile while Russia entered Revolution
Germany helped Lenin return home to, “weaken the enemy”
Reached Russia by private train and cried for socialist revolution
Lenin met up with Leon Trotsky, and spread the word of “peace, land and bread”
Alexander Kerensky was leading the provisional government, continued war and no land reform
People wanted land and soldiers were deserting the front

42. Takeover Kerensky led an offensive against Germany in July 1917
Failed miserably because of unmotivated and poorly taken care of army
Troops mutinied and peasants seized land from fearful landlords
Bolsheviks decided the time was ripe to strike
November 1917, Red Guards (armed factory workers) joined mutinous sailors to overthrow the government
Did this with ease
Kicked the government out of the Kremlin in Moscow within a week
Moscow became Bolshevik capital and Kremlin the headquarters
Ended private ownership, gave land to peasants, gave workers control of mines and raised the “red flag” with a hammer and sickle on it (union of workers and peasants)
Bolsheviks were renamed, Communists

43. Civil War
Lenin quickly signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to end war with Germany, Match 1918
Gave up a lot of land, but peace was needed to fight off forces at home
War in Russia started between the Reds (Communists) and Whites (tsar imperial officers, Mensheviks)
Whites just wanted to beat the Bolsheviks
Non-Russians joined the Whites, including allies
Wanted Russia to re-enter the war, U.S., Britain and France sent troops to help the Whites and overthrow communism
Japan seized land in the East from Russia
The anti-trust for the West was now growing
The Reds won with ease, appealed to the masses and anti-foreign presences

44. Brutality, Conformity, the Elite
Whites slaughtered captured Communist and tried to assassinate Lenin
Communist shot the tsar, tsarina and their five children in July 1918
Communists used brutality against their own people
Established CHEKA, or secret police, to execute citizens even if they were only suspected
Set-up forced work camps in 1919, flourished under Stalin into the Gulag
Adapted war-communism
Took over banks, mines, factories, and railroads
Peasant farmers forced to five crops to army and hungry people in cities (then drafted into military)
Trotsky turned Red Army into elite fighting force
Hired COMMISIONARS, people to teach desires and principles of the party to train army (former tsarists officials)
Shot every tenth man for poor performance as well

45. Building the Soviet Union
1921, the Communists defeated all the scattered foes
Many people died from war and famine
Russia was is chaos
1922, Russia united under the Union of Soviet Socialists Republics (USSR)
Developed democratic and socialist constitution
Elected legislature (Supreme Soviet) and all citizens over 18 had right to vote
All political power, resources and means of production now belonged to the people under the multinational state… NOT!
The Communist had all power and used the secret police to enforce will
Russia was dominated the other republics in the union

46. Commie Policy Lenin ended “war communism”
People were not producing anymore because government would only seize it
1921, Lenin turned toward the New Economic Policy, or NEP
Government owned banks, foreign trade and industry
People were allowed to own small business for private profit
Peasants were able to keep grain and sell surplus
Russia returned to prewar production by 1928
This was only to be temporary though, Lenin wanted pure communism with no capitalism, Stalin brought pure communism back

47. Stalin Time Lenin died in 1924, he was 54
The leadership was up for grabs between Trotsky and Joseph Stalin
Trotsky wanted an end to global capitalism
Stalin focused on the home front
Stalin isolated Trotsky in the party and stripped him of membership
Trotsky fled the country in 1929 and continued to criticize Stalin
Stalin sent an agent to Mexico and killed Trotsky in 1940
Lenin was of Stalin’s ambitions
He was right, Stalin became a ruthless dictator