1. The European Union

2. Key Dates April 1948 Brussels Pact creates NATO
May 1950 – Schuman & Monnet propose French & German place coal & steel under common authority
April 1951 – Treaty of Paris adds to “Inner Six” to form ECSC, very complex treaties (130 articles)
May 1952 – EDC treaty signed, France takes the lead (Plevin Plan)
August 1952 – High Authority (9 mbr board) meets for the 1st time (Monnet in charge)

3. Key Motivations Functionalist Theory
Pastoralize Germany – Morgenthau Plan, rejected by Truman at Potsdam
Integrate Germany
Create an independent Germany, Adenaur
Deter the USSR
Functionalist Theory

4. The European Union Key Dates: (cont)
May French proposal for EPC of Inner Six
August 1954 – French National Assembly defeats EDC pact
October 1954 – FRG enters NATO
June 1955 – Messina conf of foreign ministers proposes further economic integration of Europe
March 1957 – 2 treaties in Rome create EEC and EURATOM beside ECSC
1963 – Degaulle vetoes British admission

5. The European Union Key Dates: (cont)
1965 – Merger Treaty (Single commission)
Luxembourg Compromise
1968 – The Six members create industrial customs union removing most internal tariffs and a common external tariff (2 years ahead of schedule)
1968 – Common Agricultural Policy established, six years in negotiation
1979 – Direct elections for European Parliament

6. The European Union Enlargement
1957: The Inner Six: France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg
1973: UK, Ireland, Denmark, Norway rejects membership
1981: Greece
1984: Spain, Portugal
1995: Austria, Finland, Sweden
: Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania & Croatia
Negotiations with: Albania, Iceland, Serbia, Turkey & Macedonia

7. Economic Integration
1969 – Hague summit agreement on EMU (“Snake in the tunnel”)
1977 – EMS replaces EMU
1979 – Cassis decision
1985 – Cockfield White Paper
1987 – Single European Act: to complete a single market by Dec 1992
1992 – Maastricht Treaty establishes European Union (EU)

8. EU Institutions The Commission The Council of Ministers
The European Council
The European Parliament
The European Court of Justice

9. EU Institutions The European Commission
Supranational executive body with exclusive power to initiate legislation & administer the budget
27 member board (formerly two members from the five largest states)
Serve 5-year renewable terms approved by the Parliament
Supervise the 20k “Eurocrats”

10. EU Institutions The Council of Ministers/European Council
27 heads of government or their pertinent ministers who set EU policy
Nominates Commission president
Meets 4 times per year
Presidency rotates every 6 months
Uses qualified majority voting, some issues still have to be unanimous

11. EU Institutions The European Parliament
Directly elected by the European voters to meet in Strasbourg
785 MEPs elected for 5-year terms in rough proportion to country population
Approves budget and has “co-decision” on legislation
Can dissolve entire Commission

12. EU Institutions The European Court of Justice European Investment Bank
Supreme court for EU matters (not criminal justice)
One judge per country
Vote by simple majority
European Investment Bank
World’s largest multilateral borrower

13. Current EU Problems BREXIT Democratic Deficit The Danish alternative
The failure of the Constitution
The CAP
Foreign and Security Policy
Further enlargement (Turkey?)

14. Current EU Problems BREXIT Issues Hard Brexit Soft Brexit Referendum
Irish Border