1. Year 12 Revision Topic 2: Molecular Biology
2.1 Molecules to metabolism
2.2 Water
2.3 Carbohydrates and lipids
2.4 Proteins
2.5 Enzymes
2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA
2.7 DNA replication, transcription and translation
2.8 Cell respiration
2.9 Photosynthesis

2. 2.1 Molecules to metabolism
Carbon compounds
Drawing molecules
Metabolism

3. 1. Carbon Compounds Carbon Compound Characteristics Carbohydrate Lipid
Protein
Nucleic Acid

4. 1. Carbon Compounds Carbon Compound Characteristics Carbohydrate
Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. 2H:10
Lipid
Insoluble in water.
Steroids, fatty acids and triglycerides.
Protein
One or more chains of amino acids.
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
Nucleic Acid
Chains of nucleotides.
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous. RNA and DNA.

5. 2. Drawing molecules
Glucose

6. 2. Drawing molecules
2. Ribose

7. 2. Drawing molecules
3. A saturated fatty acid

8. 2. Drawing molecules
4. A generalized amino acid

9. All enzyme catalyzed reactions in a cell or organism
3. Metabolism
Metabolism
Anabolism
Catabolism
Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules. Require energy. Condensation.
Break down of complex molecules into simpler molecules. Releases energy. Hydrolysis.
All enzyme catalyzed reactions in a cell or organism

10. All enzyme catalyzed reactions in a cell or organism
3. Metabolism
Metabolism
Anabolism
Catabolism
All enzyme catalyzed reactions in a cell or organism
Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules. Require energy. Condensation.
Break down of complex molecules into simpler molecules. Releases energy. Hydrolysis.

11. 2.2 Water
Hydrogen Bonding
Properties

12. 1. Hydrogen Bonding Hydrogen bonds are within the water molecule
Hydrogen bonds are between water molecules

13. Hydrogen bonds are between water molecules
1. Hydrogen Bonding
Hydrogen bonds are between water molecules

14. 2. Properties Property Definition Use Cohesion Adhesion
High specific heat capacity
High latent heat of vaporization
High boiling point
Solvent

15. Property Definition Use
Cohesion
Water binding with water causes them to stick together
Water transport in plants
Surface tension
Adhesion
Water binding with other polar molecules causes them to stick together
Water retention in plants
High specific heat capacity
High temperature needed to break H bonds. Energy needed to raise temperature of water is high.
Thermally stable habitat
High latent heat of vaporization
High amounts of energy needed to evaporate water. Energy absorbed.
Good evaporative coolant.
Sweating.
High boiling point
Highest temperature in a liquid state is high.
Large temperature range for habitats on earth (0-100 degrees)
Solvent
Polar properties = substances can dissolve.
Transport of nutrients in blood
Transport of nutrients in plants

16. 2.3 Carbohydrates and Lipids
Condensation reactions
Polysaccharides
Lipids
Body mass index
Fatty acids

17. 1. Condensation Reactions
monosaccharides 🡪 disaccharides 🡪 polysaccharides

18. 1. Condensation Reactions
monosaccharides 🡪 disaccharides 🡪 polysaccharides

19. 2. Polysaccharides Cellulose Starch Glycogen
Linking of alpha glucose molecules. Unbranched. Compact and good for storage. Insoluble.
Linking of alpha glucose molecules with many branches. Insoluble.
Linking of beta glucose molecules. Forms chains with H bonds between.

20. 2. Polysaccharides Cellulose Starch Glycogen
Linking of beta glucose molecules. Forms chains with H bonds between.
Linking of alpha glucose molecules. Unbranched. Compact and good for storage. Insoluble.
Linking of alpha glucose molecules with many branches. Insoluble.

22. 3. Condensation Reactions
Three fatty acids and one glycerol

23. 4. BMI
BMI =

24. 4. BMI
Mass (kg)
(Height (m))2

25. 4. BMI
60 kg, 1.75m
80 kg, 1m
50kg, 1.4m

26. 5. Fatty Acids Saturated Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated
Cis unsaturated
Trans unsaturated