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The Elements of Life.

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Presentation on theme: "The Elements of Life."— Presentation transcript:

1 The Elements of Life

2 Percentage of CHONPS in living things
CHONPS: the 6 most important chemical elements that make up most biological molecules on Earth C Carbon 18.5% H Hydrogen 9.56% O Oxygen 65.0% N Nitrogen 3.3% P Phosphorus 1.0% S Sulfur Trace Other trace 3.0% (Copper, magnesium, etc)

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4 Reading an Element Square
Atomic number (# protons or # electrons) 9 F Fluorine 19.00 Element Symbol Element Name Atomic mass (protons + neutrons)

5 Practice: Identify the elements: P = He = Au =
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

6 F Parts of the Atom 9 Fluorine Copy this chart 19.00 Particle Charge
Location Mass Calculate Proton (p+) Neutron (n0) Electron (e-) Positive Nucleus 1.00 amu Atomic # Atomic mass – Atomic # Neutral Nucleus 1.01 amu Outside the nucleus Negative 1/2000 amu Atomic #

7 Reading an Element Square
Atomic number (# protons or # electrons) 9 F Fluorine 19.00 Element Symbol Element Name Atomic mass (protons + neutrons)

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9 Bohr's Model of the Atom Bohr's model: -electrons orbit the nucleus like planets orbit the sun

10 Bohr's Model of the Atom Bohr's model: -electrons orbit the nucleus like planets orbit the sun -each orbit can hold a specific maximum number of electrons

11 Bohr's Model of the Atom Bohr's model: -electrons orbit the nucleus like planets orbit the sun -each orbit can hold a specific maximum number of electrons orbit maximum # electrons 1 2 8 3 4 18

12 Bohr's Model of the Atom Bohr's model: -electrons orbit the nucleus like planets orbit the sun -each orbit can hold a specific maximum number of electrons -electrons fill orbits closest to the nucleus first.

13 Bohr's Model of the Atom e.g. fluorine: #P = 9 #e- = 9 #N = 10 9P 10N

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16 One Minute Essay What did you learn today about elements as they relate to Biology? How are Biology and elements connected? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

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24 CHONPS molecules make Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1 Protein (SONCH)
Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O) Nucleic Acids DNA (SPONCH) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

25 CHONPS molecules make Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1
Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O) Protein (CHONS) Nucleic Acids DNA (SPONCH) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

26 CHONPS molecules make Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1
Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O) Protein (CHONS) Nucleic Acids DNA (SPONCH) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

27 DNA CHONPS molecules make Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1
Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O) Protein (CHONS) Nucleic Acids DNA (CHONPS) DNA Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

28 CHONPS molecules make Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1 Protein (CHONS)
Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O) Nucleic Acids DNA (CHONPS)h a few O) Nucleic Acids DNA (SPONCH) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

29 One Minute Essay What did you learn today about elements as they relate to Biology? How are Biology and elements connected? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

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31 Carbohydrates (sugars) CHO
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

32 1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

33 1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

34 1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

35 6 1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

36 6 1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

37 6 :12: 1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

38 6 :12: 1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

39 6 :12: 6 1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

40 Common sugars tend to end in “ose” Ex –glucose.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

41 Simple Sugars: Broken down quickly.
MONOSACCHARIDES: Simple Sugars: Broken down quickly. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

42 Triose: 3C

43 Pentose: 5C

44 Hexose: 6C GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE GALACTOSE (aldehyde) (ketone) (aldehyde)
**USES OF EACH??

45 DISACCHARIDE – two sugars (double sugars)
Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

46 Dehydration Synthesis
Condensation Reaction Monomers link to form a polymer; water is removed.

47 Types of sugars Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose
Lactose = Glucose + Galactose Maltose = Glucose + Glucose Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

48 Types of sugars Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose
Lactose = Glucose + Galactose Maltose = Glucose + Glucose Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

49 Types of sugars Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose
Lactose = Glucose + Galactose Maltose = Glucose + Glucose Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

50 Types of sugars Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose
Lactose = Glucose + Galactose Maltose = Glucose + Glucose **Where is each disaccharide seen? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

51 What is the molecular formula of a disaccharide…such as sucrose?
Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 So… C12H24O12?? WHY NOT?? Glycosidic linkage?

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60 *Rings are formed in aqueous solutions

61 Hydrolysis A polymer splits to form two monomers when water is added

62 POLYSACCHARIDES: Many sugars linked together.
Complex Sugars. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

63 2 main functions of polys:
1. Storage: to provide sugar for cells 2. Protection: structural

64 Starch is a complex sugar
(longer lasting energy) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

65 Glycogen: The storage form of glucose, comes from starch in plants.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

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67 Chitin – Insect exoskeleton

68 LIPIDS

69 CHONPS molecules make Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1 Protein (CHONS)
Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O) Nucleic Acids DNA (SPONCH) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

70 What do you know? Hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Made up of polymers or no? Consist mostly of repeated….. Functions 1. 2. 3.

71 Fats: fatty acid + glycerol
Non-polar HC tail -hydrophobic 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids -triglyceride HC chains can vary -usually 16-18 Carboxyl “head” -fatty “acid” HC “tail”

72 Saturated and Unsaturated
Double bonds? Straight vs bent? Animal vs plant? Solid vs liquid?

73 Steroids # fused rings? Examples??

74 Phospholipids Function? # of fatty acids Head? Tail?

75 Micelle

76 Nucleic Acids

77 DNA CHONPS molecules make Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1 Protein (CHONS)
Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O) Nucleic Acids DNA (CHONPS) DNA Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

78 Monomers

79 Families of Bases

80 DNA

81 RNA

82 So… Function? Monomer? 3 parts of monomer? Families of bases?
Complementary Base Pairing? Phosphodiester and hydrogen bonding? DNA vs RNA?

83 Proteins

84 CHONPS molecules make Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1 Protein (CHONS)
Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O) Nucleic Acids DNA (SPONCH) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

85 Structural support Storage Transport Movement Signaling Defense

86 Structure

87 Nonpolar Alanine

88 Polar

89 Charged

90 Polypeptide Bond

91 Levels of structure Primary

92 Levels of Structure Secondary

93 Levels of Structure Tertiary

94 Levels of Structure Quartenary

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97 Denaturation What causes the proteins to form like they do?
What happens if the environment changes?

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