1. Organic Molecules
The “stuff” of life

2. Organic Molecules

3. Living Organisms Are Chemical Factories
All life is based on organic molecules
- molecules that are built on a backbone of CARBON.
- also contain Hydrogen
- and many also have Oxygen
- often contain functional groups – smaller molecules which are part of a larger molecule and give it unique properties 3

4. Why are Organic Molecules based on Carbon?
Carbon has unique properties
- carbon is abundant – there’s lots of it
- can bond with up to 4 other atoms
- can bond readily with itself and other elements
- makes chains with different shapes
- shape determines function
- forms bonds with different strengths

5. Carbon can bond with up to four other atoms
Allows it to bond with 4 other atoms
Carbon has 4 valence electrons

6. Carbon Bonds Readily with Itself
This allows carbon to be the backbone of large and complex molecules.
C C C C C C C C C C C
Carbon bonds readily with other elements
- in living things: Sulfur, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen, & Hydrogen (SPONCH)

7. Carbon Bonds to Build a Variety of Shapes
Straight chains
Branched chains
Rings

8. Carbon Forms Bonds of Different Strengths
Single Bonds
Double Bonds
Triple Bonds

9. Biomolecules are Macro(big)molecules
All biological molecules (biomolecules) are
large complex molecules – made of chains of smaller molecules
4 Types of biomolecules
- Carbohydrates – sugars and starches
- Lipids – fats and oils
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids – DNA, RNA, ATP, ADP

10. Biomolecules are Polymers
Polymer –(poly = many mer = part) -Large molecules made of smaller molecules called monomers (mono = one mer = part)
Polymer
Each type of biomolecule has its own monomer
Biomolecule Monomer_________
Carbohydrate Monosaccharide
Lipid Fatty Acid and Glycerol
Protein Amino Acid
Nucleic Acid Nucleotide

11. Condensation Reactions
Condensation Reaction – Reaction which
joins monomers together to form a polymer
- called condensation reaction because a molecule of water is removed from the polymers during the reaction.
- also called dehydration synthesis

12. Condensation Reaction

13. Hydrolysis Breaks Apart Polymers
Hydrolysis – reactions which break the bonds between monomers in a polymer.
Called hydrolysis because water is added at each broken bond

14. Hydrolysis