1. Determining Chemical Formulas

2. Empirical Formulas
Empirical – relying on or derived from observation or experiment

3. When a new substance is synthesized or is discovered, it is analyzed quantitatively to reveal its percentage composition.
From this data, the empirical formula is then determined.
An empirical formula consists of the symbols for the elements combined in a compound, with subscripts showing the smallest whole-number mole ratio of the different atoms in the compound.

4. For an ionic compound, the formula unit is usually the compound’s empirical formula.
Remember a formula unit is the smallest whole-number ratio of the atoms in a ionic compound.
NaCl is the formula
unit for table salt.

5. For a molecular compound, the empirical formula does not necessarily indicate the actual numbers of atoms present in each molecule.
For example, the empirical formula of gas diborane is BH3, but the molecular formula is B2H6.

6. Calculation of
Empirical Formulas

7. To determine a compound’s empirical formula, begin by converting percentage composition to a mass composition.
Assume you have g of the compound.
Then calculate the amount of each element in the sample.
Q: a compound is found to contain the following % by mass: 78.1% B and 21.9% H.
In a g sample, the % will become mass in grams.
Thus, g contains 78.1 g B and 21.9 g of H.

8. The mass composition of each element is converted to a composition in moles by dividing by the appropriate molar mass. 1
mol B
78.1 g B x
7.22
mol B =
10.81
g B 1
mol H
21.9 g H x
21.7
mol H =
1.01
g H
These values give a mole ratio of 7.22 mol B to 21.7 mol H. However, this is not a ratio of smallest whole numbers.

9. Each number of moles is then divided by the smallest number in the existing ratio.
7.22 mol B
1 mol B =
7.22
21.7 mol H =
3.01 mol H
7.22
Ratio
1 mol B : 3.01 mol H

10. Because of rounding or experimental error, a compound’s mole ratio may consist of numbers close to whole numbers.
In this case, the nearest whole number is used.
Ratio
1 mol B : 3.01 mol H
Diborane contains atoms in the ratio 1B:3H.
The compound’s empirical formula is BH3.

11. Example: quantitative analysis shows that a compound contains 32
Example: quantitative analysis shows that a compound contains 32.38% sodium, 22.65% sulfur, and 44.99% oxygen. Find the empirical formula of this compound.
Assume g of sample:
32.38 g Na, g S, g O
Composition in moles: 1
mol Na
1.408
mol Na
32.38 g Na x =
22.99
g Na

12. 1
mol S
22.65 g S x =
0.7063
mol S
32.07
g S 1
mol O
44.99 g O x =
2.812
mol O
16.00
g O
Smallest whole-number ratio of atom:
The compound contains atoms in the ratio
1.408 mol Na: mol S: mol O.
To find the smallest whole-number ratio, divide each value by the smallest number in the ratio.

13. 1.408 mol Na
1.993 mol Na =
0.7063
Rounding each number in the ratio to the nearest whole number yields a mole ratio of:
mol S
1.000 mol S =
0.7063
2.812 mol O
3.981 mol O =
0.7063
2 mol Na:1 mol S:4 mol O
The empirical formula of the compound is
Na2SO4.

14. Calculation of
Molecular Formulas

15. The molecular formula is the actual formula of a molecular compound.
Remember, an empirical formula may or may not be a correct formula.
For example, the molecular compounds ethane, C2H4, and cyclopropane, C3H6, share an identical atomic ratio (2H:1C), yet they are very different substances.
Cyclopropane
Ethane

16. The relationship between a compound’s empirical formula and its molecular formula can be written as:
x(empirical formula) = molecular formula
x is a whole-number multiple indicating the factor by which the subscripts in the empirical formula must be multiplied to obtain the molecular formula.
The value of x is sometimes 1.
The formula masses have a similar relationship:
x(empirical formula mass) = molecular formula mass

17. To determine the molecular formula, you divide the molecular formula mass by the empirical formula mass.
This gives you the value of x.
A compound’s molecular formula mass is numerically equal to its molar mass, so a compound’s molecular formula can also be found given the compound’s empirical formula and its molar mass.

18. The formula mass for the empirical formula, BH3, is 13.84 amu.
Example: experimentation shows the formula mass of diborane to be amu.
The formula mass for the empirical formula, BH3, is amu.
Dividing the experimental formula mass by the empirical formula mass give the value of x for diborane.
molecular formula mass
27.67 amu =
= 2.000
x =
empirical formula mass
13.84 amu
2(BH3) = B2H6
The molecular formula of diborane is B2H6.

19. Example: the empirical formula of a compound of phosphorus and oxygen was found to be P2O5. Experimentation shows that the molar mass of this compound is g/mol. What is the compound’s molecular formula?
x(empirical formula) = molecular formula
molecular formula mass
x =
empirical formula mass

20. Remember that molecular formula mass is numerically equal to molar mass. Thus changing the g/mol unit of the compound’s molar mass to amu yields the compound’s molecular formula mass.
molecular molar mass = g/mol
molecular formula mass = amu

21. The empirical formula mass is found by adding the mass of each of the atoms indicated in the empirical formula.
mass of phosporus atom = amu
mass of oxygen atom = amu
empirical formula mass of P2O5 =
(2 x amu) + (5 x amu) = amu

22. Dividing the molecular formula mass by the empirical formula mass give the value of x.
amu =
x =
amu
2(P2O5) =
P4O10
The compound’s molecular formula is therefore
P4O10.