1. The Golden Age of Greece
Classical Greece and Rome 10
The Golden Age of Greece
When historians talk of Classical Europe, they mean ancient Greece and Rome. 
The Classical period of Greece reached its “Golden Age” in the 400s B.C. 
By that time, the city-state, or polis, had grown from being ruled by a king to the direct rule of the people, or democracy. 
Athens was the home of the world’s first democratic constitution.
(pages 294–295)
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2. The Golden Age of Greece (cont.)
Classical Greece and Rome 10
The Golden Age of Greece (cont.)
Athenian artists produced famous and influential works of philosophy, literature, and drama. 
Three great philosophers were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. 
The city-states of Athens and Sparta often fought against each other because they wanted to expand their boundaries.
(pages 294–295)
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3. The Golden Age of Greece (cont.)
Classical Greece and Rome 10
The Golden Age of Greece (cont.)
In the 300s B.C. Phillip II and his son, Alexander the Great, conquered all of Greece. 
Alexander’s empire eventually included Persia and Egypt and stretched eastward into India.
(pages 294–295)
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4. Classical Greece and Rome10
The Rise of Rome
Rome was settled sometime around 1000 B.C. and dominated much of the Italian Peninsula by 700 B.C. 
Italy could be easily invaded, so the Romans developed a strong army. 
The Romans borrowed the Latin alphabet from the Greeks. 
Rome started as a monarchy, but changed to a republic.
(page 296)
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5. Classical Greece and Rome10
The Rise of Rome (cont.)
In a republic, people choose their leaders. 
The people of Rome chose two consuls to represent them. 
They reported to the Senate, landowners who served for life. 
The foundation of Roman law was the Twelve Tables. 
The “tables” were bronze tablets on which laws regarding wills, courts, and property were recorded.
(page 296)
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6. From Republic to Empire
Classical Greece and Rome 10
From Republic to Empire
From 264 to 146 B.C., a series of wars transformed the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. 
The peoples conquered by Rome were given Roman citizenship and equality under the Roman law. 
Under the empire, senators lost power to emperors, or absolute rulers, of Rome. 
Caesar Augustus was the first Roman emperor, and he initiated the Pax Romana.
(pages 296–297)
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7. From Republic to Empire (cont.)
Classical Greece and Rome 10
From Republic to Empire (cont.)
The Romans built temples, stadiums, baths, aqueducts, and roads. 
Jesus of Nazareth was born during the rule of Caesar Augustus. 
For centuries, Christians were persecuted. 
Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire in the A.D. 300s.
(pages 296–297)
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8. From Republic to Empire (cont.)
Classical Greece and Rome 10
From Republic to Empire (cont.)
The Roman Empire began to decline in the A.D. 300s. 
Emperor Constantine moved the capital to Constantinople and tried to reform the government. 
Plagues killed many people, and Germanic groups invaded from the north.
(pages 296–297)
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10. The Rise of Christianity
Medieval Europe 10
The Rise of Christianity
The 1,000-year period between Classical and modern times is called the medieval era, from a Latin word for “Middle Ages.” 
It was during the Middle Ages that Christianity in the form of the Roman Catholic Church became a political power in western Europe. 
By the A.D. 500s, popes had become the leaders of the Church.
(pages 299–300)
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11. The Rise of Christianity (cont.)
Medieval Europe 10
The Rise of Christianity (cont.)
In eastern Europe, Christianity was known as Eastern Orthodoxy and was under the leadership of the emperors in Constantinople. 
The early popes sent missionaries, or those who spread their religious views, to every part of Europe. 
Monks and nuns helped the poor, and they were also teachers.
(pages 299–300)
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12. The Rise of Christianity (cont.)
Medieval Europe 10
The Rise of Christianity (cont.)
Through its schools, the Christian Church greatly advanced learning in Europe. 
Beginning in the A.D. 1000s, the Church sponsored a series of holy wars called the Crusades. 
Their purpose was to capture Jerusalem from its Islamic rulers.
(pages 299–300)
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13. Medieval Europe 10
The Holy Roman Empire
The Germans combined their common law, the unwritten laws that come from local customs, with Roman law and founded kingdoms all over Europe— from Spain to England to Germany and Italy. 
One of the most important German kingdoms was that of the Franks. 
In 771 Charlemagne was elected king of the Franks.
(page 300)
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14. The Holy Roman Empire (cont.)
Medieval Europe 10
The Holy Roman Empire (cont.)
On Christmas Day in the year 800, Charlemagne was proclaimed the protector of the Christian Church in the West and was crowned the head of the Roman Empire in the West, which became known as the Holy Roman Empire. 
After Charlemagne died in 814, his heirs broke up his kingdom, creating the foundations for the modern countries of Germany, Italy, France, and Spain.
(page 300)
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15. Medieval Europe 10
Medieval Society
A new political and social system known as feudalism, emerged during the Middle Ages. 
Under feudalism, kings would give land to a noble. 
In exchange, the noble provided military service and knights for the king’s army. 
The noble swore loyalty to the king and became his vassal.
(page 301)
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16. Medieval Society (cont.)
Medieval Europe 10
Medieval Society (cont.)
The feudal estate was called the manor. 
Two types of farmers on the manor were tenants and serfs. 
Serfs were not as free and were usually poorer than tenant farmers.
(page 301)
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17. Medieval Europe 10
The Growth of Cities
Towns in the Middle Ages were fairly independent and wanted to be free of the feudal lords’ control. 
They served as centers of trade and manufacturing. 
Manufacturing came under the control of workers’ organizations known as guilds. 
Over time, some towns grew into cities and became political and religious centers as well.
(page 302)
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18. The Growth of Cities (cont.)
Medieval Europe 10
The Growth of Cities (cont.)
Kings won the support of the townspeople by building great cathedrals and granting the residents privileges and freedoms in written documents called charters. 
Kings collected taxes in exchange for granting charters. 
With money, kings could pay soldiers instead of giving them land. 
Feudalism and the power of nobles declined.
(page 302)
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20. From Renaissance to Revolution10
The Renaissance
The growth of cities and trade and the gradual breakup of feudalism led to the end of the Middle Ages. 
The Renaissance—sparked by an interest in education, art, and science—began around 1350 in cities of northern Italy and spread to other cities of Europe. 
Renaissance scholars were called humanists because they were interested more in the world and humans than in religious ideas.
(pages 303–304)
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21. The Renaissance (cont.)
From Renaissance to Revolution 10
The Renaissance (cont.)
Noted Renaissance artists were Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarroti. 
During the Renaissance, writers began to use the language they spoke every day instead of Latin or French, the language of the educated. 
The printing press with moveable type was invented around 1450 by Johannes Gutenberg.
(pages 303–304)
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22. The Renaissance (cont.)
From Renaissance to Revolution 10
The Renaissance (cont.)
The printing press made books more numerous and less expensive, thereby encouraging more people to learn to read and write. 
Western European rulers became more powerful, uniting people and creating nations based on a common language and culture.
(pages 303–304)
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23. The Protestant Reformation
From Renaissance to Revolution 10
The Protestant Reformation
Some people during the Renaissance believed that Church leaders were more interested in wealth than religion. 
Others disagreed with corrupt practices of the Church, such as the selling of indulgences, or documents that freed the buyers from punishment for their sins. 
Because these Christians “protested” corrupt Church practices, they came to be called Protestants.
(pages 304–305)
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24. The Protestant Reformation (cont.)
From Renaissance to Revolution 10
The Protestant Reformation (cont.)
The movement to reform, or change, the Catholic Church was called the Protestant Reformation. 
Two Protestant leaders were Martin Luther, who organized his own new Christian Church that taught in German, and John Calvin, whose followers included the American Puritans.
(pages 304–305)
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25. From Renaissance to Revolution10
The Age of Exploration
By the mid-1400s, Europe began to reach out beyond its boundaries in a great age of discovery and exploration. 
Bartholomeu Dias was the first European to reach the Cape of Good Hope. 
Vasco da Gama sailed around the cape to India.
(page 305)
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26. The Age of Exploration (cont.)
From Renaissance to Revolution 10
The Age of Exploration (cont.)
In 1492 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain sent an Italian navigator, Christopher Columbus, westward across the Atlantic searching for another way to Asia. 
The Dutch, English, and French soon joined the Spanish and Portuguese in exploring, settling and trading with the Americas, Asia, and Africa.
(page 305)
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27. The Age of Exploration (cont.)
From Renaissance to Revolution 10
The Age of Exploration (cont.)
Eventually—in addition to trade goods—people, diseases, and ideas were distributed around the world in a process called the Columbian Exchange.
(page 305)
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28. From Renaissance to Revolution10
The Age of Revolution
A revolution is a great and often violent change. 
In the Americas, the colonies won freedom from their European countries. 
In Europe, people fought for freedom from their kings, queens, and nobles. 
Toward the end of the 1700s, people came to feel that they should play a greater, more direct role in government.
(pages 306–307)
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29. The Age of Revolution (cont.)
From Renaissance to Revolution 10
The Age of Revolution (cont.)
The belief in the divine right of kings was fading. 
John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau believed the government should serve the people and protect them and their freedom. 
In Great Britain, kings and queens were forced to accept a constitution, a plan for government that shared power but gave most of it to the Parliament.
(pages 306–307)
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30. The Age of Revolution (cont.)
From Renaissance to Revolution 10
The Age of Revolution (cont.)
In the 1700s, the American colonies revolted against European control and became a model for many revolutions in Europe and the Americas. 
The French Revolution stimulated other peoples to demand more personal and political control over their lives.
(pages 306–307)
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