1. History of microbiology (Part-1)
140MIC: Microbiology
Lecture-4
History of microbiology (Part-1)

2. History of microbiology
الشعبة
History of microbiology
Content
140MIC: Microbiology
History of microbiology (part-1)
Microbiology in the Islamic era (Arabic content).
Pathways of discovery in microbiology
The historical roots of microbiology
Pasteur and the defeat of spontaneous generation
Koch, infectious disease, and pure culture microbiology.
History of microbiology (part-2)
The rise of microbial diversity
The modern era of microbiology
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

3. History of microbiology الأحياء الدقيقة في العصر الإسلامي
140MIC: Microbiology
إلغاء فكرة المسبب العفوي:
قال صلى الله عليه وسلم عن الطاعون «إذا وقع بأرض فلا تدخلوها، وإذا كنتم بها فلا تفروا منه».
جاءت السنة المطهرة بالحث على النظافة في الأكل والشرب، والنظافة بعد الخارج من السبيلين والنهي عن الاكل في الآنية المشقوقة والتنفس في الطعام والشراب والحث على السواك والمضمضة وتغطية الطعام والتحذير من لعاب الكلب .. الخ
العلماء المسلمون والأمراض المعدية:
نصح المسلمون بالعديد من النصائح لتجنب الأمراض المعدية:
* كالنظافة التامة *وتخصيص أدوات للمريض، و*عزل المريض المصاب بمرض معدي فكانوا أول من أسس نظام الحجر الصحي.

4. History of microbiology الأحياء الدقيقة في العصر الإسلامي
140MIC: Microbiology
أبو بكر الرازي
فرق بين الحصبة والجدري- رغم التشابه الشديد بينهما.
ابن سينا
تناول السل وأنواعه وطرق انتقاله وكيفية الوقاية من عدواه
تناول الجمرة الخبيثة وسماه (النار الفارسية).
اقترح التطعيم
أول من اقترح وجود أجسام صغيرة مسببة للمرض. وسماها (السبب)
ابن رشد
قام بأول عملية تطعيم ضد الجدري.

5. The Historical Roots of Microbiology
140MIC: Microbiology
The Historical Roots of Microbiology
Microbiology began with the microscope
Robert Hooke (1635–1703)
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)
Ferdinand Cohn (1828–1898)
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)
Robert Koch (1843–1910)
A drawing of the microscope used by Robert Hooke in

6. The Historical Roots of Microbiology
140MIC: Microbiology
The Historical Roots of Microbiology
Microbiology began with the microscope
Robert Hooke (1635–1703):
The first description of microorganisms
Illustrated the fruiting structures of molds

7. The Historical Roots of Microbiology
140MIC: Microbiology
The Historical Roots of Microbiology
Microbiology began with the microscope
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)
The first to describe bacteria.
Further progress required development of more powerful microscopes

8. The Historical Roots of Microbiology
140MIC: Microbiology
The Historical Roots of Microbiology
Microbiology began with the microscope
Ferdinand Cohn (1828–1898):
Founded the field of bacterial classification and bacteriology .
Discovered bacterial endospores (heat resistance bacteria )

9. Pasteur and the Defeat of Spontaneous Generation
140MIC: Microbiology
Pasteur and the Defeat of Spontaneous Generation
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895).
Discovered that alcoholic fermentation was a biologically mediated process (originally thought to be purely chemical)
Disproved theory of spontaneous generation.
Led to the development of methods for controlling the growth of microorganisms (aseptic technique)or sterilization.
Developed vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies

10. Steam, forced out open end
Figure 1.16a
Steam, forced out open end
Figure 1.16 The defeat of spontaneous generation: Pasteur’s swan-necked flask experiment.
Nonsterile liquid poured into flask
Neck of flask drawn out in flame
Liquid sterilized by extensive heating
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 10

11. Dust and microorganisms trapped in bend Open end
Figure 1.16b
Dust and microorganisms trapped in bend
Open end
Long time
Figure 1.16 The defeat of spontaneous generation: Pasteur’s swan-necked flask experiment.
Liquid cooled slowly
Liquid remains sterile indefinitely
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 11

12. Flask tipped so microorganism-laden dust contacts sterile liquid
Figure 1.16c
Short time
Flask tipped so microorganism-laden dust contacts sterile liquid
Liquid putrefies
Figure 1.16 The defeat of spontaneous generation: Pasteur’s swan-necked flask experiment.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 12

13. Koch, Infectious Disease, and the Rise of Pure Cultures
140MIC: Microbiology
Koch, Infectious Disease, and the Rise of Pure Cultures
Robert Koch (1843–1910)
Demonstrated the link between microbes and infectious diseases
Identified causative agents of anthrax and tuberculosis
Koch’s postulates
Developed techniques (solid media) for obtaining pure cultures of microbes, some still in existence today
Awarded Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1905

14. KOCH’S POSTULATES The Postulates: Tools:
Diseased animal
Healthy animal
The Postulates:
Tools:
1. The suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals.
Microscopy, staining
Red blood cell
Observe blood/tissue under the microscope
Red blood cell
Suspected pathogen
2. The suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture.
Laboratory culture
Streak agar plate with sample from either diseased or healthy animal
No organisms present
Colonies of suspected pathogen
Inoculate healthy animal with cells of suspected pathogen
3. Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal.
Experimental animals
Figure 1.19 Koch’s postulates for proving cause and effect in infectious diseases.
Diseased animal
Remove blood or tissue sample and observe by microscopy
4. The suspected pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original.
Laboratory reisolation and culture
Suspected pathogen
Laboratory culture
Pure culture (must be same organism as before)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14

15. Koch, Infectious Disease, and the Rise of Pure Cultures
140MIC: Microbiology
Koch, Infectious Disease, and the Rise of Pure Cultures
Koch’s Postulates Today
Koch’s postulates apply for diseases that have an appropriate animal model
Remain “gold standard” in medical microbiology, but not always possible to satisfy all postulates for every infectious disease
Animal models not always available
For example, cholera, rickettsias, chlamydias
Koch and the Rise of Pure Cultures
Discovered that using solid media provided a simple way of obtaining pure cultures
Began with potato slices, but eventually devised uniform and reproducible nutrient solutions solidified with gelatin and agar

16. REMEMBER You can always ask questions through our discussion board on www.lms.ksu.edu.sa

17. History of microbiology (Part-2)
140MIC: Microbiology
Lecture-5
History of microbiology (Part-2)

18. History of microbiology
الشعبة
History of microbiology
Content
140MIC: Microbiology
History of microbiology (part-1)
Microbiology in the Islamic era (Arabic content).
Pathways of discovery in microbiology
The historical roots of microbiology
Pasteur and the defeat of spontaneous generation
Koch, infectious disease, and pure culture microbiology.
History of microbiology (part-2)
The rise of microbial diversity
The modern era of microbiology
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

19. The rise of microbial diversity
Field that focuses on nonmedical aspects of microbiology (soil , water)
Martinus Beijerinck (1851–1931)
Developed enrichment culture technique
Microbes isolated from natural samples in a highly selective techniques by adjusting nutrient and incubation conditions to favor a particular metabolic group of organisms.
Example: nitrogen-fixing bacteria, sulfate –reducing bacteria , sulfur- oxidizing bacteria, aerobic nitrogen –fixing bacteria.
Beijerinck and Winogradsky studied bacteria in soil and water and developed the enrichment culture technique for the isolation of representatives of various physiological groups
Major new concepts in microbiology emerged during this period, including enrichment cultures, chemolithotrophy, chemoautotrophy, and nitrogen fixation.
Martinus Beijerinck, professor at the Delft Polytechnic School in Holland, trained as a botanist. Began career in microbiology studying plants.
Sergei Winogradsky, Russian microbiologist, contemporary of Beijerinick.

20. A page from the laboratory notebook of M
A page from the laboratory notebook of M.Beijerinck in 1900 describing the aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azotobacter chroococcum ( shown in red)
A painting by M.Beijerinck’s sister showing cells of the same bacteria .
Figure 1.21 Martinus Beijerinck and Azotobacter.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 20

21. The rise of microbial diversity
Sergei Winogradsky (1856–1953)
The Concept of Chemolithotrophy
Demonstrated that specific bacteria are linked to specific biogeochemical transformations (e.g., S & N cycles)
Proposed concept of chemolithotrophy
Oxidation of inorganic compounds linked to energy conservation

22. Not required Autotrophs CO2 Carbon source Heterotrophs
Reduced organic molecule from other organisms
Phototrophs
Light
Energy source
Chemotrophs
Oxidation of organic and nonorganic molecule
Lithotrophs
Reduce nonorganic molecule
Electron source
Not required
Organotrophs
From organic molecule

23. The Modern Era of Microbiology
The major subdisciplines of microbiology
subdiscipline
Focus
1- Basic emphases
Microbial physiology
Study of the nutrients that microbes require for metabolism and growth and the products that they generate
Microbial genetics
Study of Genes , heredity and genetic variation
Microbial biochemistry
Study of microbial enzymes and chemical reactions
Microbial systematics
The science of grouping and classification and nomenclature
Molecular biology
Study Nucleic acids and protein
Microbial ecology
Study microbial diversity and activity in natural habitats
Virology
Study viruses and subviral particles

24. The Modern Era of Microbiology
The major subdisciplines of microbiology
subdisciplines
Focus
2- Applied emphases
Medical Microbiology
Infectious disease
Immunology
Immune systems
Agricultural /soil microbiology
Microbial diversity and processes in soil
industrial microbiology
Large-scale production of antibiotics ,alcohol and other chemicals
Biotechnology **
Production of human proteins by genetically engineered microorganisms
Aquatic Microbiology
Microbial processes in waters and wastewaters, drinking water safety.

25. The Modern Era of Microbiology
Molecular Microbiology
** Biotechnology
Manipulation of cellular genomes
DNA from one organism can be inserted into a bacterium and the proteins encoded by that DNA harvested
Genomics: study of all of the genetic material (DNA) in living cells
Transcriptomics: study of RNA patterns.
Proteomics: study of all the proteins produced by cells.
Metabolomics: study of metabolic expression in cells.

26. REMEMBER You can always ask questions through our discussion board on www.lms.ksu.edu.sa