1. Muslim Civilizations
Ch. 10

2. The rise of Islam
Section 1

3. Muhammad the Prophet Born in Mecca (a thriving city of trade)
Worked as a Shepherd, later became a merchant
Married Khadija- a wealthy widow
Became known for his honesty in business and was a devoted husband and father
Troubled by the moral ills of Meccan society

4. He would often escape to a cave to meditate
There he heard voice of Angel Gabriel- calling him the messenger of God
His wife encouraged him to follow the call
1st convert to Islam
He devoted his life to spreading Islam

5. The Hijra
Many people feared Muhammad’s views- did not want to disrupt trade
622 Muhammad and followers were forced to flee Mecca and settled in Yathrib (later called Medina)
Known as a hijra
In Medina, converted Muslims welcomed Muhammad and followers
War broke out between Muslims of Medina and Meccans

6. Muhammad defeated Meccans allowing him to return to Mecca in 630
He destroyed idols in the Kaaba
Rededicated the Kaaba to Allah
632 Muhammad died leaving no successor
Islam continued to spread

7. Building a Muslim Empire
Section 2

8. Abu Bakr Abu Bakr became 1st caliph
Muhammad’s father-in-law & early Islam convert
Some people removed their loyalty to Islam because they were dependent on Muhammad’s personal command
Abu reunited Muslims based on their allegiance to Islam

9. Sunnis vs Shiites Split over who should succeed Muhammad
Shiites: Believed Ali (Muhammad’s son-in-law) was designated his successor
Divinely inspired religious leaders who were empowered to read & interpret the Quran
Sunnis: Believed a pious male Muslim from Muhammad’s tribe could be the leader of the religious community
Viewed as a political leader of the religious community without divine or prophetic function
Majority of Muslims today

10. 3rd tradition of Islam emerged
Sufis
3rd tradition of Islam emerged
Muslim mystics that sought communion with God through meditation, fasting, and other rituals
Some were believed to have miraculous powers

11. Muslim Civilization’s Golden Age
Section 3

12. Social and Economic Advances
Vast trading network
Led to new business practices
Developed a system of accounting
Agriculture flourished
Social Mobility
Could move up in society with accomplishments
Helped free slaves

13. Muslim Art, Literature, and Architecture
Reflected diverse traditions of various people under the Muslim rule
Greeks, Romans, Persians, and Indians
Prized the art of storytelling
1001 Nights- Best known collection of stories
Perfected skills in calligraphy

14. Established Baghdad as the greatest Muslim center of learning
Centers of Learning
Established Baghdad as the greatest Muslim center of learning
Cairo, Cordoba, and Timbuktu are also centers of learning
Scholars made advances in philosophy, mathematics, medicine, and other fields

15. Al-Khwarizmi pioneered algebra
Math & Medicine
Al-Khwarizmi pioneered algebra
Wrote a standard mathematics textbook used in Europe
Pharmacists and Physicians had to pass a standardized test
Learned to treat cataracts
Created medical textbooks

16. Ottomans VS Safavids
Section 5

17. Ottoman Empire (Sunni Muslims)
They were a Turkish-speaking nomadic people who migrated from Central Asia into Northwest Asia Minor
Mehmet II succeeded in capturing Constantinople
Cannons helped the Ottomans out power the Byzantines
Renamed the capital Istanbul
Suleiman: “The Lawgiver” & Suleiman the Magnificent
Extended the Ottoman Empire to be the largest and most powerful empire in Europe and the Middle East for centuries

18. After Suleiman’s death, the empire began to decline
Killed two of his able sons because they were suspected of treason
Under Selim II (Suleiman’s son) the bureaucracy became corrupt
European advances left Ottomans behind
Other empires began to conquer Ottoman lands

19. Safavids (Shiite Muslims)
This dynasty had united an empire in Persia (Present day Iran)
Were forced into constant warfare over religion
Best known King- Shah Abbas (the Great)
Used force and diplomacy against Ottomans
Tolerated non-Muslims
Safavids declined after death of Shah Abbas