1. Muslim Civilizations
Ch. 10

2. The rise of Islam
Section 1

3. Muhammad the Prophet Born in Mecca (a thriving city of trade)
Worked as a Shepherd, later became a merchant
Married Khadija- a wealthy widow
Became known for his honesty in business and was a devoted husband and father
Troubled by the moral ills of Meccan society

4. He would often escape to a cave to meditate
There he heard voice of Angel Gabriel- calling him the messenger of God
His wife encouraged him to follow the call
1st convert to Islam
He devoted his life to spreading Islam

5. The Hijra
Many people feared Muhammad’s views- did not want to disrupt trade
622 Muhammad and followers were forced to flee Mecca and settled in Yathrib (later called Medina)
Known as a hijra
In Medina, converted Muslims welcomed Muhammad and followers
War broke out between Muslims of Medina and Meccans

6. Muhammad defeated Meccans allowing him to return to Mecca in 630
He destroyed idols in the Kaaba
Rededicated the Kaaba to Allah
632 Muhammad died leaving no successor
Islam continued to spread

7. People of the Book Muslims, Jew, and Christians worship the same God
Quran teaches Islam is God’s final and complete revelation
Christian Bible contains portions of earlier revelations
Muslims consider Jews and Christians as “People of the Book”
spiritually superior to polytheistic idol worshipers
Historically had religious freedom

8. 5 Pillars Declaration of Faith Daily Prayer Alms for the Poor
Fast During Ramadan
Hajj

9. Building a Muslim Empire
Section 2

10. Abu Bakr Abu Bakr became 1st caliph
Muhammad’s father-in-law & early Islam convert
Some people removed their loyalty to Islam because they were dependent on Muhammad’s personal command
Abu reunited Muslims based on their allegiance to Islam
Set out to convert remaining Arab tribes

11. Early Victories
The first four caliphs
Marched from victory to victory – conquered the Byzantines and the Persians
Included cities of Damascus and Jerusalem

12. Sunnis vs Shiites Split over who should succeed Muhammad
Shiites: Believed Ali (Muhammad’s son-in-law) was designated his successor
Divinely inspired religious leaders who were empowered to read & interpret the Quran
Sunnis: Believed a pious male Muslim from Muhammad’s tribe could be the leader of the religious community
Viewed as a political leader of the religious community without divine or prophetic function
Majority of Muslims today

13. 3rd tradition of Islam emerged
Sufis
3rd tradition of Islam emerged
Muslim mystics that sought communion with God through meditation, fasting, and other rituals
Some were believed to have miraculous powers

14. Umayyad Caliphs Sunni caliphs Capital in Damascus, Syria
Expanded Muslim lands
Treated conquered people fairly
Did not try to convert “People of the Book” because of the tax they were required to pay
Problems with leadership lead to their decline

15. Rise of Abbasids
Shiites supported Abu al-Abbas- descended from Muhammad’s uncle
He had living Umayyad killed- only one escaped to Spain
Made many changes-
Equality of all Muslims
Reached its greatest wealth
Moved capital from Damascus to Baghdad (Persian territory)

16. Muslim Empire Declines
Empire began to fragment with different Shiite rulers coming to power
Seljuk Turks migrated into Middle East from Central Asia
Took over Baghdad but left Abbasid caliph as a figurehead
Mongols (Genghis Khan) left Central Asia across Southwest Asia
Looted and burned Baghdad, killing the last Abbasid caliph
Later Mongols converted to Islam

17. Muslim Civilization’s Golden Age
Section 3

18. Social and Economic Advances
Vast trading network
Led to new business practices
Developed a system of accounting
Agriculture flourished
Social Mobility
Could move up in society with accomplishments
Helped free slaves

19. Muslim Art, Literature, and Architecture
Reflected diverse tradition s of various people under the Muslim rule
Greeks, Romans, Persians, and Indians
Prized the art of storytelling
1001 Nights- Best known collection of stories
Perfected skills in calligraphy

20. Established Baghdad as the greatest Muslim center of learning
Centers of Learning
Established Baghdad as the greatest Muslim center of learning
Cairo, Cordoba, and Timbuktu are also centers of learning
Scholars made advances in philosophy, mathematics, medicine, and other fields

21. Al-Khwarizmi pioneered algebra
Math & Medicine
Al-Khwarizmi pioneered algebra
Wrote a standard mathematics textbook used in Europe
Pharmacists and Physicians had to pass a standardized test
Learned to treat cataracts
Created medical textbooks

22. India’s Muslim Empire
Sec. 4

23. Delhi Sultanate After fall of Gupta Empire- India fragmented
Trade networks linked India to Middle East, Southeast Asia, and China
Sultan Muhmud of Ghanzi made Delhi his capital
Marked the start of Muslim rule in northern India
Muslims successful because Hindu princes battled each other instead of uniting
Muslim rule brought changes to Indian Government and society
1398: Tamerlane invaded India
India again fragmented into Hindu and Muslim states

24. Muslims and Hindus Clash
Muslim conquest of Northern India inflicted disaster on Hindus and Buddhists
Widespread destruction of Buddhist temples
Many Hindus were killed
In time relations became more peaceful
Eventually Delhi Sultans grew more tolerant of their Hindu subjects
Hinduism was ultimately seen as a monotheistic religion
Hindus could practice their religion as long as they paid their poll tax
Lower caste Hindus began to convert to Islam

25. Mughal India 1526: Turkish and Mongol armies poured into India
Led by Babur- claimed descendent of Genghis Khan and Tamerlane
Met sultan Ibrahim’s army North of Delhi
Defeated Delhi sultanate and set up Mughal (Persian word for Mongol) Dynasty
Stretched from Himalayas to the Deccan Plateau
Chief builder of Mughal empire was Babur’s grandson- Akbar

26. Akbar the Great ( )
He was a Muslim, but gained support of Hindu subjects
He opened government jobs to Hindus of all castes
Treated Hindu princes as his partners in ruling the empire
Ended the tax on non-Muslims, married a Hindu princess
Hoped to promote religious harmony through tolerance
Used paid officials instead of hereditary officeholders
Modernized the army
Encouraged international trade and introduced land reforms

27. Akbar’s Successors Akbar’s son- Jahangir: weaker ruler than his father
Left most details of government to his wife Nur Jahan
Akbar’s grandson- Shah Jahan: high point of Mughal literature, art and architecture
Had Taj Mahal built for his deceased wife and mother of his 14 children
Planned to have a twin structure built next to Taj Mahal but his son usurped the throne and imprisoned until he died

28. Ottomans VS Safavids
Section 5

29. Ottoman Empire (Sunni Muslims)
They were a Turkish-speaking nomadic people who migrated from Central Asia into Northwest Asia Minor
Mehmet II succeeded in capturing Constantinople
Cannons helped the Ottomans out power the Byzantines
Renamed the capital Istanbul
Suleiman: “The Lawgiver” & Suleiman the Magnificent
Extended the Ottoman Empire to be the largest and most powerful empire in Europe and the Middle East for centuries

30. After Suleiman’s death, the empire began to decline
Killed two of his able sons because they were suspected of treason
Under Selim II (Suleiman’s son) the bureaucracy became corrupt
European advances left Ottomans behind
Other empires began to conquer Ottoman lands

31. Safavids (Shiite Muslims)
This dynasty had united an empire in Persia (Present day Iran)
Were forced into constant warfare over religion
Best known King- Shah Abbas (the Great)
Used force and diplomacy against Ottomans
Tolerated non-Muslims
Safavids declined after death of Shah Abbas