1. The Muslim World Chapter 11

5. Islam emerged in the Arabian Peninsula. Islam emerged in the Arabian Peninsula. The Arabian Peninsula is mostly desert, but farming is possible through irrigation or in scattered oases. The Arabian Peninsula is mostly desert, but farming is possible through irrigation or in scattered oases. Nomadic herders, called Bedouins, used camels to cross the scorching heat in search of seasonal pasturelands. Nomadic herders, called Bedouins, used camels to cross the scorching heat in search of seasonal pasturelands. Bedouins traded with other Arabs who had settled in oasis towns. One of these towns was Mecca.

6. Mecca bustling market town at the crossroads of two main caravan routes bustling market town at the crossroads of two main caravan routes thriving pilgrimage center – Arabs came to pray at the Kaaba thriving pilgrimage center – Arabs came to pray at the Kaaba

8. Muhammad Born in Mecca Born in Mecca In his youth, he worked as a shepherd among the Bedouins. In his youth, he worked as a shepherd among the Bedouins. Later, he led caravans and became a successful merchant Later, he led caravans and became a successful merchant At age 25, he married Khadija, a wealthy widow who ran a prosperous caravan business. At age 25, he married Khadija, a wealthy widow who ran a prosperous caravan business. Troubled by idol worship and moral ills of society Troubled by idol worship and moral ills of society

9. Messenger of God At age 40, Muhammad went to a cave to meditate. At age 40, Muhammad went to a cave to meditate. He received a message from the angel Gabriel that he was to become the messenger of God. He received a message from the angel Gabriel that he was to become the messenger of God. Muhammad was frightened but Khadija encouraged him to accept his call. Muhammad was frightened but Khadija encouraged him to accept his call. She became the first convert to Islam, which is Arabic for “submission.” She became the first convert to Islam, which is Arabic for “submission.”

10. Muhammad’s rejection of traditional Arab gods angered Meccan merchants. Muhammad’s rejection of traditional Arab gods angered Meccan merchants. Muhammad and his followers moved to Yathrib, a journey known as the hijra. Muhammad and his followers moved to Yathrib, a journey known as the hijra. In Yathrib (now called Medina or “city of the prophet”) Muhammad was welcomed and thousands of Arabs converted to Islam. In Yathrib (now called Medina or “city of the prophet”) Muhammad was welcomed and thousands of Arabs converted to Islam.  After eight years, Muhammad returned to Mecca and destroyed the idols in the Kaaba.  He worked to unite Arabs under Islam until his death two years later.

11. Islam is both a religion and a way of life. Islam is both a religion and a way of life. Over time, Muslim scholars developed an immense body of law, called the Sharia, interpreting the Quran and applying it to daily life. Over time, Muslim scholars developed an immense body of law, called the Sharia, interpreting the Quran and applying it to daily life. The Sharia does not separate religious matters from criminal or civil law. The Sharia does not separate religious matters from criminal or civil law.

13. Five Pillars of Islam Declaration of Faith Declaration of Faith Daily Prayer Daily Prayer Charity to the Poor Charity to the Poor Fasting during Ramadan Fasting during Ramadan Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)

16. Islam After Muhammad

17. Under the first four caliphs, Arab armies marched from victory to victory. Under the first four caliphs, Arab armies marched from victory to victory. Muslim leaders were tolerant of the different beliefs under their rule. Muslim leaders were tolerant of the different beliefs under their rule.

18. Movements within Islam Sunni Sunni Caliph should be chosen by Muslim leaders. Caliph should be chosen by Muslim leaders. 90% of Muslims today 90% of Muslims today Shiites Shiites Caliph should be descendent of Muhammad. Caliph should be descendent of Muhammad. Sunni Sunni Caliph should be chosen by Muslim leaders. Caliph should be chosen by Muslim leaders. 90% of Muslims today 90% of Muslims today Shiites Shiites Caliph should be descendent of Muhammad. Caliph should be descendent of Muhammad. Today most are in Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, & Yemen. Today most are in Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, & Yemen.

20. Umayyads Capital at Damascus Capital at Damascus Carried Islam from Atlantic to Indus Valley Carried Islam from Atlantic to Indus Valley Only about 10% of conquered peoples converted to Islam. Only about 10% of conquered peoples converted to Islam. Vast wealth from conquests Vast wealth from conquests When conquests slowed economic tensions increased. When conquests slowed economic tensions increased.

21. Umayyad Empire at its Peak After the fall of the Umayyad dynasty, one member escaped to Spain to found a Umayyad principality there.

22. Abbasids Abu al-Abbas captured Damascus and began Abbasid dynasty Abu al-Abbas captured Damascus and began Abbasid dynasty Moved capital to Baghdad which will become a center of learning and arts Moved capital to Baghdad which will become a center of learning and arts Many non-Arabs converted to Islam, and social discrimination against non-Arab Muslims gradually faded. Many non-Arabs converted to Islam, and social discrimination against non-Arab Muslims gradually faded. Baghdad reached its peak under the reign of caliph Harun al-Rashid. Baghdad reached its peak under the reign of caliph Harun al-Rashid. After collapse of Abbasid dynasty, the Islamic empire will splinter into fragments led by different families. After collapse of Abbasid dynasty, the Islamic empire will splinter into fragments led by different families.

23. Muslim women fared better legally under Islamic law than did Christian and Jewish women under their religious codes. Muslim women fared better legally under Islamic law than did Christian and Jewish women under their religious codes. Daughters inherited half of what sons did. Daughters inherited half of what sons did. Inheritance remained their private property. Inheritance remained their private property. Women could remarry after divorce and could initiate divorce under certain conditions. Women could remarry after divorce and could initiate divorce under certain conditions. Women could practice birth control. Women could practice birth control. Women could testify in court although their testimony counted as half that of a man. Women could testify in court although their testimony counted as half that of a man.

24. Islam allowed slavery but forbade Muslims from enslaving other Muslims or so-called People of the Book – Jews, Christians, and Zorastrians. Islam allowed slavery but forbade Muslims from enslaving other Muslims or so-called People of the Book – Jews, Christians, and Zorastrians. Conversion did not require extensive knowledge of the faith. To become a Muslim, a person simply stated the declaration of faith in the presence of a Muslim. Conversion did not require extensive knowledge of the faith. To become a Muslim, a person simply stated the declaration of faith in the presence of a Muslim. In many areas, converts migrated to an Arab governing center. This led to rapid growth of Muslim cities and helped reinforce the urban orientation of Islam. In many areas, converts migrated to an Arab governing center. This led to rapid growth of Muslim cities and helped reinforce the urban orientation of Islam.