Week 27 Core Assessment & the Cold War

Week 27 Core Assessment & the Cold War
March 18-22, 2019

Why are we here this week?
Students will complete the Honors midterm exam or the American Ideals essay (5% of final grade). Students will begin studying the Cold War, including the reading of Ch Later, Ch HA summary notes & Flow of History Charts #138, 139, 140 will be completed.

HONORS: Midterm Exam Collaboration: Units I, II, III
Homework: Complete district assessment WORKTues. 3/19/19 Study guide exam OR Essay organizer: Ideals + or -? NONE Monday, March 18, 2019 HONORS: Midterm Exam Collaboration: Units I, II, III Review PPT, Kahoot! Academic: Did America move closer to (+) or further from (-) its founding ideals (ERLOD) between 1890s up to 1940s? Complete organizer/outline

mrobinso Units I, II, & III Multiple choice exam

Collaboration PowerPoint Expectations
Visit today’s calendar for LINK to collaborate PowerPoint link… my.sharepoint.com/:p:/g/personal/mrobinso_cbsd_org/EbiS0U5 IcV9Bo5IHuD-J4v4B6t7_Q6OvEI51NBtaM9RV2w?e=2aaXtd Period 1: 1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28 Period 3: 2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29 Period 5: 3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30

In groups of 2-3 from each period, BUILD a potent SLIDE that helps answer the question:
List textbook pages/chapter section #s from The Americans and History Alive! Refer directly to Unit I, II, III lessons, activities, packets, PowerPoints, main ideas, “ttt,” etc. utilized by your teacher Provide specific content (individual & group names, dates, locations & places, vocab, examples, etc.) that is necessary for understanding Include relevant links to reliable sites (including Weekly PPTs) for further STUDY QUESTIONS or potentially “confusing” items, ideas, or concerns?

In-class essay writing Tues. 3/19…using your organizer!
September 2018 Dec In-class essay writing Tues. 3/19…using your organizer!

Set the stage with reflective “thoughts” about the QUESTION
Create a HOOK! Preview the IDEALS you will evaluate CLEARLY state your OVERALL ARGUMENT and PREVIEW your examples

names, events, “facts,” dates, etc required
1st example names, events, “facts,” dates, etc required EXPLAIN how your historic example #1 changed America + or - 2nd example names, events, “facts,” dates, etc required EXPLAIN how your historic example #2 changed America + or - 3rd example names, events, “facts,” dates, etc required EXPLAIN how your historic example #3 changed America + or -

Emphasize your THESIS! TRY to make “connections” to current examples to STRENGTHEN your argument

Homework: Ch. 18 “ttt”…READ the textbook & record notes (p. 18)
Homework: Ch. 18 “ttt”…READ the textbook & record notes (p. 18) Complete district assessment WORKWednesday, 3/20 Study guide exam OR Essay organizer: Ideals + or -? Tuesday, March 19, 2019 The Cold War Begins: Phase 3 of Unit III…Ch. 18 “ttt” & Americans textbook reading 1) Due Wednesday p. 15 of Unit III packet…Telescoping the Times 2-page summary & review ?s -READ & complete four (4) review questions as usual: highlighting answers w/ 4 colors or underlining w/ #s Begin READING The Americans textbook, Ch. 18: Cold War Conflict (NOT due Wednesday, but assigned) -Unit III packet, back of p. 19: chapter overview & section “main ideas.” Students should FILL space with specific notes as they read the BOOK NONE

Homework: Ch. 18 “ttt” and continue READING and notes (p. 20)
NONE Wednesday, March 20, 2019 HONORS: Midterm Exam Collaboration: Units I, II, III Academic: Did America move closer to (+) or further from (-) its founding ideals (ERLOD) between 1890s up to 1940s? Complete Core Essay using organizer/outline

Who started the Cold War and WHY?
Homework: Ch. 18 textbook reading & notes (p. 20) ; DBQ exploration “Due later:” HA notes…due “much later” FC Who started the Cold War and WHY? Thursday, March 21, 2019 I. Cold War WORK Ch. 18: Cold War Conflicts “ttt”…10 points READ The Americans, record “main idea” & chapter “overview” NOTES History Alive! Ch summary notes…due later Flow of History Charts 138, 139, & 140…due much LATER Cold War DBQ Begin core assessment exploration

What is the OPPOSITE of a Cold War?
Homework: DBQ exploration; “Due later:” HA notes due “much later” FC What is the OPPOSITE of a Cold War? EXPLAIN Friday, March 21, 2019 I. Cold War WORK History Alive! Ch summary notes…due later Flow of History Charts 138, 139, & 140…due much LATER Cold War DBQ Begin core assessment exploration

World War II & the early Cold War
During this era, the United States was transformed from an isolationist nation into a global superpower. When a war engulfed Asia and Europe in the late 1930s, most Americans hoped to remain neutral. A surprise Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor shattered that hope. Once at war, men and women of all backgrounds joined together to fight a common foe. As World War II came to a close, Americans yearned for peace. Instead they found their nation locked in a new kind of conflict with the U.S.S.R. or Soviet Union. This "cold war" defined U.S. foreign policy for decades to come. It also raised a troubling question: "How could a free people best balance the ideal of liberty with the need for national security?" Was a global communist revolution likely, or did the U.S. exaggerate the Soviet threat?

Unit III “Need to Know” Isolationism vs. Interventionism
Mobilization for WWII Lend-Lease & Pearl Harbor Changes on the Homefront Japanese Internment Experiences of Women &African Americans World War II casualties & strategies Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb Rise of Superpowers Containment Policy, Berlin Airlift, Korean War Red Scare & McCarthyism Nuclear weapons & Atomic Age District Exam #3 is planned for Tuesday, March 27… Your essay writing day is planned for Monday, March 26…. Your final Unit III QUIZ is planned for Friday, March 23… ALL dates are “flexible” 

Who started the Cold War and WHY?

Chapter 18: Cold War Conflicts What was the Cold War and how did it start?
1. The Cold War was a war without direct between the U.S. and the It started soon after the end of because of the two nations’ conflicting and systems and their disagreements over the future of .

Chapter 18: Cold War Conflicts
The Cold War was a war without direct military confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union (USSR). It started soon after the end of World War II because of the two nations’ conflicting political and economic systems and their disagreements over the future of Europe. Other answers?

Chapter 18: Cold War Conflicts Why did the U. S
Chapter 18: Cold War Conflicts Why did the U.S. get involved in the Korean War? 2. The United States got involved in the Korean War to halt the spread of in Asia by stopping the advance of Korea into Korea.

2. The United States got involved in the Korean War to halt the spread of communism in Asia by stopping the Communist advance of North Korea into South Korea. Other answers? Period 1 stopped 1…3/13

Chapter 18: Cold War Conflicts Why did the fear of communism sweep the nation in the late 1940s & 1950s? 3a. Americans began to fear the influence of communism within their own after the success of Communist takeovers in Europe and . Two spy cases increased this fear: the case of , who was accused of spying for the Soviets, and that of the , who were executed for giving the Soviets secret information about the atom bomb.

3. Americans began to fear the influence of communism within their own borders after the success of Communist takeovers in Eastern Europe and China. Two spy cases increased this fear: the case of Alger Hiss, who was accused of spying for the Soviets, and that of the Rosenbergs, who were executed for giving the Soviets secret information about the atom bomb.

Chapter 18: Cold War Conflicts What were some of the direct effects of this fear?
3b. Some effects of the fear of communism: the establishment of the Loyalty Review Board to investigate ; ’s investigation of the Hollywood film industry; the passage of the McCarran Act that outlawed the planning of acts against the U.S. government; and Senator ’s unproved accusations against hundreds of government officials. Most of these actions were .

3. Some effects of the fear of communism: the establishment of the Loyalty Review Board to investigate government employees; (House Committee on Un-American Activities) HUAC’s investigation of the Hollywood film industry; the passage of the McCarran Act that outlawed the planning of subversive acts against the U.S. government; and Senator Joseph McCarthy’s unproved accusations against hundreds of government officials. Most of these actions were unconstitutional. Other answers?

4. Some of the events that increased hostilities between the U.S. and the Soviet Union: the race; creation of and the ; the ’s covert actions in interfering with some foreign governments; the launching of ; the Soviet invasion of ; Soviet threat of missile launch against British, French, and Israelis over seizure of the ; the U-2 incident in which a CIA was brought down over Soviet territory.

Chapter 18: Cold War Conflicts List some events of the 1950s that increased hostilities between the United States and the Soviet Union. 4. Some of the events that increased hostilities between the U.S. and the Soviet Union: the arms race; creation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact; the (Central Intelligence Agency’s) CIA’s covert actions in interfering with some foreign governments; the launching of Sputnik I; the Soviet invasion of Hungary; Soviet threat of missile launch against British, French, and Israelis over seizure of the Suez Canal; the U-2 incident in which a CIA spy plane was brought down over Soviet territory.

Honors 9th Grade US History Document-Based Question
Early Cold War Question: Some historians argue that the United States exaggerated the threat of communism, while others argue that American containment prevented a global communist revolution. Utilize the documents below to defend either of these two arguments. Requirements: Demonstrate knowledge acquired in class, through homework and from outside sources. Use as many of the documents included with this DBQ as you can. Write clearly and use proper language. Make sure your thesis is clear. Use historical examples to support your generalizations. Your response should fully address the prompt and support the thesis. READ and ANALYZE the following documents in search of the following: 1) “message:” What does this source indicate about the nature of the Cold War? Does the CONTENT reveal that the U.S. acted appropriately or inappropriately? Does the CONTENT show that the U.S.S.R. was a real threat or exaggerated threat? “usage:” How can you use this document’s message(s) to show that the U.S. acted appropriately or inappropriately during the Cold War? What message(s) support you OPINION that the U.S. needed to stop a global communist takeover OR that it overreacted to the Soviet Union?

Document A. Franklin Delano Roosevelt to Ambassador to USSR, William C
Document A Franklin Delano Roosevelt to Ambassador to USSR, William C. Bullitt Who are the people involved? William C. Bullitt, "How We Won the War and Lost the Peace," Life, August 30, 1958, p What kind of communication is this? Setting the stage for the debates over Soviet intentions at the Yalta Conference in 1945, William C. Bullitt, a former ambassador to the USSR and to France, submitted a memorandum to Roosevelt in August 1943 in which he suggested obtaining Stalin's pledge for a renunciation of conquest in Europe and recommended a military advance from the south through Eastern and Central Europe. FDR, who felt he could "handle" Stalin, responded: What historical concepts & vocabulary words must I “know” or research in order to UNDERSTAND this document? “I just have a hunch that Stalin...doesn't want anything but security for his country, and I think that if I give him everything I possibly can and ask nothing from him in return, noblesse oblige, he wouldn't try to annex anything and will work with us for a world of democracy and peace.” How can you use this document to respond to the DBQ question? Does it show the view that America acted appropriately and prevented a communist takeover? Does it show that America overreacted in the face of the communist threat? Can it be used by both sides of the argument? EXPLAIN

Document B Henry Luce, The American Century, 1941 "The American Century" by Henry R. Luce. Life magazine, Feb. 17, © 1941 Time, Inc. Henry R. Luce was the founder and publisher of the magazines Time, Life, Fortune, and later Sports Illustrated. "The American Century" appeared in Life magazine just before the bombing of Pearl Harbor and America's official entry into World War II. It's most famous passages presage the internationalism of the post-war period. In the field of national policy, the fundamental trouble with America has been, and is, that whereas their nation became in the 20th Century the most powerful and the most vital nation in the world, nevertheless Americans were unable to accommodate themselves spiritually and practically to that fact. Hence they have failed to play their part as a world power–a failure which has had disastrous consequences for themselves and for all mankind. And the cue is this: to accept wholeheartedly our duty and our opportunity as the most powerful and vital nation in the world and in consequence to exert upon the world the full impact of our influence, for such purposes as we see fit and by such means as we see fit… As America enters dynamically upon the world scene, we need most of all to seek and to bring forth a vision of America as a world power which is authentically American and which can inspire us to live and work and fight with vigor and enthusiasm… But all this is not enough. All this will fail and none of it will happen unless our vision of America as a world power includes a passionate devotion to great American ideals. We have some things in this country which are infinitely precious and especially American–a love of freedom, a feeling for the equality of opportunity, a tradition of self-reliance and independence and also of co-operation. In addition to ideals and notions which are especially American, we are the inheritors of all the great principles of Western civilization–above all Justice, the love of Truth, the ideal of Charity…It now becomes our time to be the powerhouse from which the ideals spread throughout the world and do their mysterious work of lifting the life of mankind from the level of the beasts to what the Psalmist called a little lower than the angels.

Document C Winston S. Churchill, The Iron Curtain Speech, Fulton, Missouri 1945 From the Congressional Record, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., , 92: A Winston S. Churchill was no longer British Prime Minister on March 5, 1946, when he made his frank " iron curtain" speech in Fulton, Missouri. While attracted to his candid anti-Soviet language, some critics pointed out that in condemning Russia for its influence in Eastern Europe, Churchill ignored British predominance in Greece and the empire. For some observers, Truman's presence on the platform signified American endorsement of Churchill's remarks. From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow. . . . If now the Soviet Government tries, by separate action, to build up a pro-Communist Germany in their areas, this will cause new serious difficulties in the British and American zones, and will give the defeated Germans the power of putting themselves up to auction between the Soviets and Western Democracies. Whatever conclusions may be drawn from these facts -- and facts they are - this is certainly not the liberated Europe we fought to build up

Document D. George E Kennan, The Long Telegram, 1946 Excerpted from U
Document D George E Kennan, The Long Telegram, 1946 Excerpted from U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1946 (Washington, D.C., 1969), 6:697-99, and A diplomat in the U.S. Embassy in Moscow and a leading expert on Soviet affairs, George E Kennan sent a long, 8, 000-word, secret telegram to the State Department early in 1946 sketching the roots of Soviet policy and warning of serious difficulties with the Soviet Union in the years ahead. The stilted language is the product of dropped words to shorten the telegram. Kennan recommended a long-term, firm policy of resistance by the United States to Soviet expansionism, known as "containment." At bottom of Kremlin's neurotic view of world affairs is traditional and instinctive Russian sense of insecurity…[T]hey have learned to seek security only in patient but deadly struggle for total destruction of rival power, never in compacts and compromises with it… Agencies utilized [by the Soviet Union] for promulgation of policies on this plane are following: Inner central core of Communist Parties in other countries tightly coordinated and directed by Moscow Rank and file of Communist Parties… National associations or bodies which can be dominated or influenced…These include: labor unions, Youth leagues, women's organizations, racial societies, religious societies, social organizations, cultural groups, liberal magazines, publishing houses, etc. International organizations which can be similarly penetrated through influence over various national components. Labor, youth and women's organizations are prominent among them ... In summary, we have here a political force committed fanatically to the belief that with US there can be no permanent modus vivendi, that it is desirable and necessary that the internal harmony of our society be disrupted, our traditional way of life be destroyed, the international authority of our state be broken, if Soviet power is to be secure… Problem of how to cope with this force [is] undoubtedly greatest task our diplomacy has ever faced and probably greatest it will ever have to face I would like to record my conviction that problem is within our power to solve and that without recourse to any general military conflict.

Document E Harry Truman, Truman Doctrine Speech, 1947
In 1947 the democratic government of Greece was threatened by communist guerrillas believed to be receiving support from the Soviet Union. Facing financial problems and the decline of its empire, the British announced that they could no longer offer support to Greece and Turkey. Americans feared that this would leave Greece and perhaps Turkey open to Soviet domination. The Soviet Union had already taken steps to install communist governments in Poland, Rumania and Bulgaria — seemingly in violation of the Yalta Agreement which had called for free elections in these nations. In this speech Truman asked Congress for $400 million to aid Greece and Turkey, asserting that it was the policy of the United States to "support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one. One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression. The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms. I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe that our help should be primarily through economic stability and orderly political process

Document F HUAC Interrogates Screenwriter Sam Ornitz, 1947 The Newshour With Jim Lehrer, Excerpt from Seeing Red, October 24, 1997 Excerpted from the PBS documentary "The Legacy of the Hollywood Blacklist" The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) existed on a temporary basis beginning in 1938 and became a permanent committee in HUAC is most widely known for its investigations of suspected Communist influence in the late 1940s and early 1950s, the most well-known investigation being of State Department official Alger Hiss. In September 1947, HUAC subpoenaed 41 witnesses for its hearings on Communist influence in Hollywood. The ten unfriendly witnesses, known as the "Hollywood Ten," who eventually came to the hearings in October 1947 became the most famous participants in the HUAC hearings. HUAC's initial investigations of Communists in Hollywood ended after the testimony of the Hollywood Ten. The committee resumed investigations of Communist influence on movies in the early 1950s and continued them for several years. The following interrogation of screenwriter Sam Ornitz is an example of the methods used by the committee and the responses from witnesses who refused to "name names." SPOKESMAN: Are you a member of the Screen Writers Guild? SAM ORNITZ, Screenwriter: I wish to reply to that question by saying that this involves a serious question of conscience. SPOKESMAN: Conscience? SAM ORNITZ: Conscience. I say you do raise a serious question of conscience for me when you ask me to act in concert with you to override the Constitution-- SPOKESMAN: Mr. Chairman. SAM ORNITZ: Wait a minute -- asking me to violate the constitutional guarantee of- SPOKESMAN: Typical communist subversion. The witness is through. Stand away

Document G Joseph McCarthy, "Speech at Wheeling West Virginia," 1950 Congressional Record, 81 Cong., 2 Sess., pp When the junior Senator from Wisconsin spoke before the Ohio Country Women’s Republican Club in Wheeling, West Virginia in February 1950 he claimed to have a list of 205 communists who worked in the U.S. State Department, shaping American foreign policy. He repeated the speech with minor changes, and placed it in the congressional record. Though McCarthy’s numbers would fluctuate, the charges would propel him to the forefront of American politics. Today we are engaged in a final, all-out battle between communistic atheism and Christianity.... And, ladies and gentlemen, the chips are down — they are truly down.... Six years ago... there was within the Soviet orbit 180 million people. Lined up on the anti-totalitarian side there were in the world at that time roughly billion people. Today, only six years later, there are 800 million people under the absolute domination of Soviet Russia — an increase of over 400 percent. On our side the figure has shrunk to around 500 million. In other words, in less than six years the odds have changed from 9 to 1 in our favor to 8 to 5 against us. This indicates the swiftness of the tempo of communist victories and American defeats in the cold war. As one of our outstanding historical figures once said, "When a great democracy is destroyed, it will not be because of enemies from without, but rather because of enemies from within."...

Document H 8a National Security Council , NSC-68: United States Objectives and Programs for National Security , April 14, In this memo that would have a significant impact on American policy, the president’s national security advisors depict the threat that the U.S.S.R. poses to American interests and what will be required of the United States in its conflict with Soviet Union. [T]he Soviet Union, unlike previous aspirants to hegemony, is animated by a new fanatic faith, antithetical to our own, and seeks to impose its absolute authority over the rest of the world. Conflict has, therefore, become endemic and is waged, on the part of the Soviet Union, by violent and non-violent methods in accordance with the dictates of expediency. With the development of increasingly terrifying weapons of mass destruction, every individual faces the ever-present possibility of annihilation should the conflict enter the phase of total war. Our overall policy at the present time may be described as one designed to foster a world environment in which the American system can survive and flourish…This broad intention embraces two subsidiary policies. One is a policy... of attempting to develop a healthy international community. The other is the policy of "containing" the Soviet system. The two policies are closely interrelated and interact on one another. A comprehensive and decisive program to win the peace and frustrate the Kremlin design should be so designed that it can be sustained for as long as necessary.... It would probably involve: A substantial increase in expenditures for military purposes....

Document H 8b. (CONTINUED)
Document H 8b (CONTINUED) National Security Council , NSC-68: United States Objectives and Programs for National Security , April 14, A comprehensive and decisive program to win the peace and frustrate the Kremlin design should be so designed that it can be sustained for as long as necessary.... It would probably involve: A substantial increase in expenditures for military purposes.... A substantial increase in military assistance programs... [to meet] the requirements of our allies.... Some increase in economic assistance programs [for our allies].... Development of programs designed to build and maintain confidence among other peoples in our strength and resolution.... Intensification of affirmative and timely measures and operations by covert means in the fields of economic warfare and political and psychological warfare with a view to fomenting and supporting unrest and revolt in selected strategic... countries. Development of internal security and civilian defense programs. Improvement and intensification of intelligence activities Reduction of Federal expenditures for purposes other than defense and foreign assistance.... Increased taxes.... The whole success of the proposed program hangs ultimately on recognition by this Government, the American people, and all free peoples, that the cold war is in fact a real war in which the survival of the free world is at stake.

Document I. J. Weston Walch, DBQ 22: The Cold War Begins. 1999
Document I J. Weston Walch, DBQ 22: The Cold War Begins Scott Sagan, “The Evolution of U.S Nuclear Doctrine,” Published in Moving Targets (Princeton University) The arms race was an important part of the Cold War. Both superpowers developed technology and used their nuclear power to build as many weapons as possible. This nuclear buildup led to a "balance of terror," which some saw as a deterrent to war. But others feared the use of these weapons. The chart below shows the number of nuclear warheads during the Cold War. .

Document J. Illingworth, Leslie. “The Beginning of the Cold War
Document J Illingworth, Leslie. “The Beginning of the Cold War.” The Daily Mail, June 16, British Cartoonist, Leslie Illingworth illustrates in the British newspaper, The Daily Mail, the potential influence and potential future goals of Josef Stalin upon Europe. Many individuals questioned the position of the western powers in aiding or preventing this potential expansion. The Beginning of the Cold War

Extra sources if interested?

DELETED 2015. J. Weston Walch, DBQ 22: The Cold War Begins. 1999
DELETED J. Weston Walch, DBQ 22: The Cold War Begins The arms race was an important part of the Cold War. Both superpowers developed technology and used their nuclear power to build as many weapons as possible. This nuclear buildup led to a "balance of terror," which some saw as a deterrent to war. But others feared the use of these weapons. These charts show the buildup of ICBM's (Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles) and long-range bombers between 1966 and

DELETED for 2015. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr
DELETED for 2015 Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Vital Center: The Politics of Freedom (1949) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., a noted historian and public intellectual, was a leading voice of the "consensus school" in the 1950s, the notion that a "vital center" existed in the American polity between communism and totalitarianism and that center was liberalism. Another objective [of the American communists] is what the Communists call "mass organizations"- that is, groups of liberals organized for some benevolent purpose, and because of innocence, laziness and stupidity of most of the membership, perfectly designed for control by an alert minority… The Attorney General’s list of subversive groups (whatever the merit of this type of list as a form of official procedure) provides a convenient way of checking the more obvious Communist-controlled groups…

DELETED The following political cartoon illustrates President Dwight Eisenhower’s Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles’s theory of brinksmanship. This theory was adopted by the Eisenhower administration as its policy towards communism. Block, Herbert. “Don’t Be Afraid – I Can Always Pull You Back.” The Washington Post, January 14,

Osgood, Caruthers. Soviet Downs American Plane; U. S
Osgood, Caruthers. Soviet Downs American Plane; U.S. Says It Was Weather Craft; Khrushchev Sees Summit Blow. Deleted The New York Times May 5, 1960. In this document, The New York Times reports upon the U-2 Incident and the American attempt at a cover-up. It also, details the Russian response to potential American aggression and its impact upon the upcoming summit between the two super-powers. Soviet Downs American Plane; U.S. Says It Was Weather Craft; Khrushchev Sees Summit Blow Premier is Bitter, Assails 'Provocation Aimed at Wrecking' May 16 Parley By Osgood Caruthers Special to The New York Times Moscow, May 5 -- Premier Khrushchev said today that a United States plane on a mission of "aggressive provocation aimed at wrecking the summit conference" invaded Soviet territory May 1 and was shot down. The Premier, in the most blistering speech against American policies he had made since his meetings with President Eisenhower last autumn, declared that the incursion, as well as declarations by United States policy makers, cast gloom on the prospects for the success of the summit meeting in Paris eleven days hence. He expressed anger over the fact that President Eisenhower had supported declarations against Soviet foreign policies by Vice President Richard M. Nixon, Secretary of State Christian A. Herter, Under Secretary of State Douglas Dillon and others.

Alive! Ch. 37: The Aftermath of WW II
At the end of World War II, the United States vowed not to repeat the mistakes of World War I. With the other Allies, it worked to establish ways of avoiding future conflicts and dealing with war crimes. At home, Congress passed legislation to help returning veterans rejoin postwar society. Four Freedoms In 1941, Franklin Roosevelt expressed the wish that all people should have freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. These Four Freedoms became part of the charter of the United Nations. United Nations Before the war was over, 50 nations cooperated to form the United Nations. The United States played a strong role in founding this international organization. The goals of the United Nations include world peace, security, and respect for human rights. Nuremberg War Crimes Trials Instead of punishing all Germans, the Allies held Nazi leaders responsible at the Nuremberg Trials. A similar set of trials brought Japanese leaders to justice. Later, temporary international tribunals, as well as a permanent International Criminal Court, were formed to deal with war criminals. Geneva Conventions To catalog war crimes, many nations of the world met at Geneva, Switzerland, in 1949. The Geneva Conventions prescribed the proper treatment of the wounded, prisoners of war, and civilians. GI Bill of Rights The United States sought to prevent economic and social problems at home after the war. One measure designed to accomplish this goal was the GI Bill of Rights, which provided unemployment benefits, college funds, and housing loans to veterans.

Alive! Ch. 38: Origins of the Cold War
In the postwar period, clear differences between the United States and the Soviet Union soon emerged. Communist ideology and the creation of Soviet-backed states in Eastern Europe alarmed the U.S. government. The United States responded with efforts to support European democracy and limit Soviet expansion. As the rivalry intensified, Europe divided into communist-controlled Eastern Europe and mostly democratic Western Europe. Yalta and Potsdam Conferences At Yalta, the Allied leaders met to shape postwar Europe. They divided Germany and Berlin into four occupation zones each and declared their support for self-government and free elections in Eastern Europe. At Potsdam, the leaders finalized their postwar plans for Germany. However, the relationship among the superpowers began to weaken. Iron Curtain In a 1946 speech, Winston Churchill accused the Soviet Union of dividing Europe into East and West and drawing an “iron curtain,” or barrier, across the continent. UN Atomic Energy Commission At the United Nations, the United States offered a plan to limit the development of atomic weapons. The Soviet Union, working on its own atomic bomb, rejected U.S. efforts to retain a monopoly on atomic energy. Truman Doctrine President Truman adopted a policy of containment as part of the Truman Doctrine. The doctrine aimed to limit the spread of communism and support democracy. Marshall Plan This aid program reflected the Truman Doctrine’s goals. It provided aid to European nations to help them recover from the war, promote stability, and limit the appeal of communism. The Soviets responded with the Molotov Plan for Eastern Europe. Cold War The postwar struggle for power between the United States and the Soviet Union became known as the Cold War. Although this was largely a war of words and influence, it threatened to heat up and produce armed conflict between the superpowers.

Alive! Ch. 39: The Cold War Expands
During the Cold War, the superpower conflict that began in Europe expanded to China and other parts of the world. The nuclear arms race added to Cold War tensions. Berlin Blockade In 1948, the Soviet Union set up a blockade around Berlin to force the Allies to either abandon the city or cancel plans for the creation of West Germany. The Allies launched an airlift to bring supplies into Berlin and break the blockade. In the end, Germany was split between east and west. NATO and the Warsaw Pact In 1949, the Western powers formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization as a military alliance to counter Soviet aggression. The Soviets responded by forming their own military alliance, the Warsaw Pact, with Eastern European countries. Korean War After the fall of China to communism, Cold War tensions flared up in Korea. In 1950, North Korean communists invaded South Korea, prompting a war with U.S. and UN forces. The Korean War ended in 1953, but Korea remained divided. Third World During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union tried to win friends and allies in the Third World—the developing nations of Latin America, Africa, and Asia. This battle for “hearts and minds” involved propaganda, aid, covert action, and military intervention. Mutual Assured Destruction The invention of the H-bomb fueled a deadly arms race. In response, the United States developed various policies, including brinkmanship and deterrence, to manage the nuclear threat. In the end, it relied on the policy of Mutual Assured Destruction to limit the chances of all-out war.

Alive! Ch. 40: Fighting the Cold War at Home
Like earlier wars, the Cold War created fright and anxiety on the home front. Fearful of attacks from within, the government sought to root out communist subversion. Faced with the threat of nuclear attack from the Soviet Union, it promoted civil defense and preparedness planning. House Un-American Activities Committee HUAC investigated the loyalty of people in many areas of life. Its probe of the movie industry led movie studio heads to blacklist anyone thought to be a communist or communist sympathizer. Spy trials Fears of subversion deepened with the Alger Hiss case and the Rosenberg trial. Hiss served a prison term, and the Rosenbergs were executed for selling atomic secrets to the USSR. McCarthyism Senator Joseph McCarthy launched a well-publicized crusade against subversives in government. The term McCarthyism came to refer to personal attacks against innocent people with little or no evidence to support the charges. Atomic Age Americans greeted the Atomic Age with a mixture of fear and excitement. Many people had high hopes for peaceful uses of atomic power. Federal Civil Defense Administration Congress established the FCDA to help Americans survive a nuclear attack. The FCDA published civil defense manuals and promoted drills and other measures to protect Americans from harm. As the power of nuclear weapons increased, however, the usefulness of such precautions came into question.

Week 27 Core Assessment & the Cold War

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Week 27 Core Assessment & the Cold War

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