1. THE MIDDLE AGES 300 TO 1500 AD/CE

2. EXPANDING NETWORK’S:
RELIGION

3. What is a network?
A network is “ANY NETLIKE COMBINATION OF THINGS”

4. A network of exchange is a web of connections through which people, goods, and ideas circulate. *Telephones, the Internet, and highways are all networks of exchange.

5. RELIGION IS A NETWORK OF EXCHANGE

6. Think of Religion like a “netlike web” that connects people through common beliefs, ideas, and values

7. THROUGH RELIGION, CULTURE IS EXCHANGED!
IDEAS
BELIEFS
CUSTOMS
TRADITIONS
VALUES
MORALS
ETHICS
Even LANGUAGE sometimes

8. Remember the Actual Definition of Culture!
the beliefs, customs, arts, traditions, language etc., of a particular society
SO…RELIGION & CULTURE GO HAND IN HAND! Many peoples religions define their culture

9. SO…RELIGION & CULTURE GO HAND IN HAND
SO…RELIGION & CULTURE GO HAND IN HAND! Many peoples religion’s define their culture

10. Beginning in the year 300 AD, numerous inventions, goods, ideas, and religions were starting to spread from their regions of origin.
This means they were going into other places where they had not originally started. People were sharing ideas about Judaism, for instance, with Egyptians and Arabians, etc. Judaism was not just limited to Palestine/Canaan were it originated.

11. RELIGION CAN BE ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL OF IDEAS TO “TRAVEL” THROUGH SOCIETY

12. What is Religion?

13. What is Religion?
the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods.

14. WE KNOW FROM STUDIES OF ANCIENT HISTORY THAT RELIGION HAS EXISTED SINCE THE PRE-HISTORY ERA
Talk about the time of the dinosaurs and cave men and then early civilizations such as the Egyptians and all their gods (such as Ra the creator), sun gods, love gods, protection gods, etc. HOWEVER…NON OF THESE RELIGIONS WERE ANYTHING LIKE THE WORLD RELIGIONS WE ARE STUDYING!

15. HOWEVER, IT WAS THE BIRTH OF WORLD RELGIONS THAT MADE A HUGE IMPACT ON THE WORLD!

16. WHY? WHY WERE WORLD RELIGIONS SO DIFFERENT FROM THOSE OF EGYPT, FOR INSTANCE?
THIINK ABOUT YOUR MIDDLE SCHOOL KNOWLEDGE…WHAT WERE THOSE RELIGIOUS SYSTEMS LIKE?
DID PEOPLE HAVE A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP WITH GOD? DID THEY FEEL EQUAL TO THEIR RULERS? WEREN’T RULERS THEMSELVES EVEN SEEN AS GODS, AT TIMES? YES.

17. The appearance of world religions— Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, and Christianity—LED TO cultural interchange across political and cultural boundaries.
THAT MEANS THAT It did not matter what race or ethnicity you were! It did not matter anymore how far away one people group lived from the other…ideas transcended all that and these specific religions stuck around! People were attracted to holding onto them; sometimes adopting them whether or not their neighbors (culture) believed the same way. WHY?

18. The Idea’s that were within these world religions were unique to religions before them!

19. They were special (unique) because boundary lines did not stop these religion's!!!!!

20. World Religions Developed ideas surrounding:
Ethical practices
Governmental codes
Rules of law pertaining to equality
WHY COULD THESE RELIGIONS WE’VE RECENTLY BEEN STUDYING IN CLASS CROSS OVER POLITICAL LINES...
Political Lines are Countries! Why/How could Judaism start being practiced in EGYPT? OR How did Muslims who originated in Arabia end up spreading throughout Africa and much of Asia? OR Christianity? How did it begin in the Middle East, Jerusalem and end up taking over all of Europe? Well, we’ll get real deep into studying that after our focus on all the religions in general. But, for know we need to just no one thing.

21. What are ethics? MORALS:
A system of moral principals!
LOL…What are morals?
MORALS:
The principles or rules or right conduct or distinction between right and wrong… “ethical/moral attitudes”

22. WORLD RELIGIONS vs. the ANCIENT RELIGIONS
World Religions Developed the Following:
Ethical practices
Governmental codes
Rules of law pertaining to equality
The Ancients DID NOT!
How did the Ancient Religions differ from this?
Think of Greece! Think of Rome! Who were there gods? How were their leaders viewed? Did they care about ethics?

23. All world religions concerned themselves with ethics, government, and rules… and as a result, they stayed around!

24. 5 WORLD RELIGIONS CHRISTIANITY c. 30 AD CONFUCIAN c. 400 BC
Mesopotamia
JUDAISM c BC
India HINDUISM c BC
China BUDDISM
c. 530 BC
CONFUCIAN c. 400 BC
CHRISTIANITY c. 30 AD
Saudi Arabia ISLAM c. 610 AD
As we know…it is really Judaism that is the ‘FATHER” of all the Western religions! They started this idea of talking about right and wrong, justice and crime, and equality under God with ALL MEN! Christianity carried on those ideas. Islam picked them up and established them in the Arab world years after God started speaking to Abraham about them and 600 years after Jesus tried making them (ideas of morality and righteousness) clearer for the modern world.

25. So, what are these religions all about…what are the 5W’s & H of world religions?
What are 5 W’s and H about them? (who, what, where, when, why, & how?)

26. The western religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam

27. Judaism

28. Who, Where, When?
They worship Yahweh (YHWH), the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob*
Abraham makes a deal…a covenant with God around 2500 BC/BCE, in Canaan, today’s Palestine. The Lord had said to Abram:
“Leave your country, your people, and your fathers household and go to the land I will show you. I will make you into a great nation and I will bless you; I will make your name great, and I will bless those who bless you and whoever curses you I will curse. So Abram left, as the Lord had told him.”
Later, Abraham is given two sons: Isaac (Rebecca’) and Ishmael (Hagar's).
Abraham is given a sign of his covenant with God through the testing of sacrificing Isaac. God says, I am a jealous God, but also merciful and just.
Isaac is later given the name Israel. Ishmael becomes the descendent of people who form Islam.
*TECHNICALLY, IN THE EYES OF THE FAITH, IT IS WITH ADAM THAT THE FIRST “JEW/HEBREW” WAS BORN. Abraham is simply through whom the people of Israel were established.

29. What do they believe?
They are God’s chosen people…those He decided to make himself known through.
They need to follow the Laws and Customs…it matters a great deal to them…they have a STRONG CODE OF ETHICS!
-Examples of laws: cleanliness, food preparation, crime
-They are the first to believe strongly in social justice:
“all people are equal”/ rich should look out for the poor/ leaders are seen as fully human…bound to obey God’s law.
God is meant to have a relationship with…a covenant established (a deal where God holds his end and you hold yours)

30. What do they revere as sacred? What are their rituals?
1. Hebrew Bible the Torah: 24 books
First 5 Books are about the law
Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy
2. Talmud: additional laws and customs

31. What do they revere as sacred? What are their rituals?
3. Prayer and fasting
4. Circumcision
5. Kosher food
6. Ten Commandments within their holy text

32. Ten Commandments

33. Where and When are their worship services?
SYNAGOGUE’S are their TEMPLES
Holy Days (AKA “THE SABBATH”) are from sunset on Friday to sunset on Saturday.

34. How was the religion established?
hip hughes – Judaism 101
How was the religion established?
Through Abraham and his descendant’s covenant with God
Establishing the Kingdom of Israel
HIP HUGHES- JUDAISM 101: SHOW 6.39 – about 12 minutes (6 minutes) (Total clip is minutes long)

35. Kingdoms of Israel 1050 b.c. 970 B.C.

36. Kingdoms of Israel
When Solomon's successor Rehoboam dealt tactlessly with economic complaints of the northern tribes, in about 930 BCE (there are difference of opinion as to the actual year) the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah split into two kingdoms: the northern Kingdom of Israel, and the southern Kingdom of Judea

37. In 733 BC the Assyrians conquered and took over Israel (Judah still stands)

38. hip hughes – Judaism 101 How was the religion spread?
Through persecution
The Diaspora: the spreading of the Jews
refers to the dispersion of Israelites, Judahites, and later Jews out of their ancestral homeland (the Land of Israel) and the communities built by them across the world.
500 year period of time that began with the Babylonians’ exile of the Jews
Reign of Babylonians C B.C.
Jews do not FULLY return to their homeland until 1948
In the meantime, they were spread throughout the world
The first exile was the Assyrian exile, the expulsion from the Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) by Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria in 733 BCE, and its completion by Sargon II with the destruction of the kingdom in 722 BCE, after the end of the three-year siege that Shalmaneser V started in Samaria.
It continued with the exile of a portion of the population of the Kingdom of Judah in 597 BCE with the Babylonian exile. The biblical book of Ezra includes two texts said to be decrees of Cyrus the Great, conqueror of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, allowing the deported Jews to return to their homeland after decades and ordering the Temple rebuilt. The differences in content and tone of the two decrees, one in Hebrew and one in Aramaic, have caused some scholars to question their authenticity

39. Major part of the diaspora

40. Christianity

41. …one God that’s “manifested” 3 ways
Who?
They worship the TRINITY:
- God the Father, Yahweh (YHWH): the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob
- God the Son, JESUS
- HOLY SPIRIT
…one God that’s “manifested” 3 ways
TECHNICALLY, IN THE EYES OF THE FAITH, IT IS WITH ADAM THAT THE FIRST “JEW/HEBREW” WAS BORN. Abraham is simply through whom the people of Israel were established.

42. Where & When?
Jesus is born in the town of Bethlehem (Israel) c. 6-4 BC
Jesus ministry starts with his Baptism in Judea in the Jordan River (Israel) c. 28 AD
Jesus’ death on the cross in Jerusalem (Israel) c AD

44. What do they believe? 1. Monotheistic: ONE God
2. EVERYTHING FROM THE TORAH: LAWS & CUSTOMS
3. JESUS IS “MESSIAH”------ SAVIOR!
4. NEW COVENANT
ALL that has to be done is REPENTANCE that you are a sinner and ACCEPTENCE that Jesus Christ is God (God’s son)
-Centers on a PERSONAL RELATIONSHIP WITH GOD, LOVE, FORGIVENESS, ETERNAL LIFE

45. What do they revere as sacred? What are their rituals?
Bible
Old Testament : 39 if Protestant/46 if Catholic Books
First 5 books are the same as the first 5 of the Torah: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy
New Testament: 27 books
Baptism by water
Baptism by “fire” (Holy Spirit)
Communion
Prayer & Fasting

46. Where and When are their worship services?
Churches / house churches
Sabbath day (holy day) is NOW held on Sunday’s (due to Emperor Constantine changing the old Jewish custom of it being on Saturday’s), but it never used to be.

47. hip hughes - Christianity 101
How was the religion established?
Jesus’ Birth
Jesus’ Teachings/Ministry (“the way”)
Jesus’ Death
Jesus’ Disciples
CHRISTIANITY with HIP HUGHES: show first 4 minutes (clip is total of 12:24 minutes)

48. hip hughes - Christianity 101
How was the religion spread?
Through mission work
Through persecution

49. Islam
HIP HUGHES- ISLAM 101: SHOW 5.38 minutes to 7.36 for sure…show maybe sooner than 5 minutes in too?(12:24 Minutes total)

50. Who, Where, When?
WHO:
They worship ALLAH & his FINAL PROPHET, MUHHAMED (read pg 305)
(Like Judaism and Christianity they, TOO, feel Adam was the first person of their religion: a Muslim)
WHERE:
-Muhammad went on the NIGHT JOURNEY where he heard God’s plan in Jerusalem
-Muhammad established the religion of Islam in Arabia
WHEN:
C. 610 OR 622 AD
TECHNICALLY, IN THE EYES OF THE FAITH, IT IS WITH ADAM THAT THE FIRST “MUSLIM” WAS BORN. Muhammad is simply through whom the people of Islam were established… the LAST prophet.

51. Islam means “surrendering oneself to the will of God”
What do they believe?
Islam means “surrendering oneself to the will of God”
1. The 5 Pillars of Islam: Shahada, Salat, Sawm, Zakat, Hajj
- Shahada  a personal witness/profession of faith: 2x a day
“There is no God but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God”, which means prophet. Muslims believe him to be THE LAST PROPHET!
- Salat  daily prayer (5x a day)
- Sawm  fasting
- Zakat  almsgiving, which means giving to the poor
- Hajj  the pilgrimage to Mecca that all Muslims are expected to make at least one in their lifetime in order to pay homage at the Kabba.
-5 pillars are how to be a person of righteousness and faithfulness
-Christians believe this is attained ONLY if you first, REPENT/second, accept CHRIST as savior/and third, -FOLLOW HIM (his teachings on love and forgiveness)
-Jews believe believe this is attained through keeping the law: the 10 commandments

52. What did all three religions believe about salvation?

53. Islam means “surrendering oneself to the will of God”
What do they believe?
Islam means “surrendering oneself to the will of God”
2. Sharia Law: body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to every day life.
3. Jihad: “struggle in god’s service”
- It is a personal duty for Muslims to overcome immortality within themselves
- It is a just, holy war that can ONLY be declared by the community in order to defend Islam

54. What ELSE do they revere as sacred?
. Quran/Koran:
114 Suras (chapters)
* arranged by Muhammad as directed by God
Holy sites: #1 Mecca: where Muhammad established the Islamic Empire
#2 Medina: where Muhammad fled after the Night Journey with his followers. This event is known as the Hijra
#3 Jerusalem: where Muhammad had the Night Journey
#2 Muhammad and followers in Medina attack caravans because he felt that they were unholy (Mecca was unholy) and he wanted to put a stop to their trade business/ “materialism”… this leads to war with Mecca (Muhammad had been know for his honesty in business and as a devoted husband and father. After his being called by the angel Gabriel to be gods messenger he felt it was his duty to rid Mecca of all they many many false idols/ gods they worshipped)
#3 It began when Muhammad was in the Masjid al-Haram, and the archangel Gabriel (Jibrīl or Jibrāʾīl) came to him, and brought Buraq, the traditional heavenly steed of the prophets. Buraq carried Muhammad to the Masjid Al Aqsa, the "Farthest Mosque", in Jerusalem.

55. The night journey
It began when Muhammad was in the Masjid al- Haram, and the archangel Gabriel came to him, and brought Buraq, the traditional heavenly steed of the prophets. Buraq carried Muhammad to the Masjid Al Aqsa, the "Farthest Mosque", in Jerusalem.

56. Where and When are their worship services?
MOSQUE’S
Sabbath day (holy day) when they attend service at the Mosque is on Fridays

57. hip Hughes- Islam 101 How was the religion established?
Muhammad's Night Journey
Building of followers in Medina.
3. Conquest/war with Mecca

58. How was the religion spread?
hip Hughes- Islam 101
How was the religion spread?
1. Conquest/war
2. Diplomatic (a term associated with international relations meaning gracious or polite) treatment of their subjects (one under authority of another)
EXAMPLES:
- did not enslave, take prisoner, kill, separate from family people who wanted to stay in the land underneath their rule as long as they paid “dues” to the Muslim community.
-allowed previous religion to be held, didn’t burn churches or sacred objects

59. What did we find out that all 3 faiths have in common
What did we find out that all 3 faiths have in common? How do they differ?
SIMILARITIES
DIFFERENCES
1. Salvation: one relies on belief for salvation while the other two rely more heavily on duties
- Christianity relies on ones belief in Jesus Christ as Savior to inherit salvation
Islam relies on Muslims performing the 5 pillars of Islam to inherit salvation
Judaism rely on duties concerning ethical behavior for salvation.
2. Who Jesus Is:
-Jesus is Messiah in Christianity
-Jesus is a Prophet in Judaism & Islam
3. Conversion Aspect
-Judaism does not covert people; the other 2 do
4. Origins:
- Islam did not start in Jerusalem; the other 2 do
-Islam was created after the Fall of the Roman Empire, the other 2 were not
1. View of God
Monotheistic: all believe in one God
Believe God is all-knowing and all-powerful
Believe people should love God and Fear God
2. Origins
Stem from the ideas of Judaism and it’s roots with Abraham
Started in the Middle East
3. Rituals
-Prayer, fasting, circumcision,
4. What they Hold Sacred
- Jerusalem as a Sacred Site
- Holy Texts, Sabbath Days, & “Temples”/Buildings

60. The Most important religious sites to the monotheistic faiths in jerusalem

61. A look at how world RELIGION spreads geographically over time
THE SPREADING OF RELIGION
SOME CAUSES BEHIND ITS SPREADING
THE SPREADING OF RELIGION 2

62. HOW DID DIPLOMATIC BEHAVIOR HELP SPREAD THE FAITH:
CULTURAL INFUSSION