1. Psychology Unit 1
Chapters 1 & 2

2. Goals of Psychology Observe behavior Describe behavior
Explain behavior
Predict behavior
Control behavior

3. Areas of specialization
Clinical- largest group, treat psy. Problems
Counseling- treat adjustment problems
School- deal with students who have problems that interfere with learning
Educational- focus on course planning and instructional methods
Personality – identify characteristics or traits

4. Social- concerned with people’s behavior in social situations
Experimental- conduct research into basic processes
Industrial/Organizational- focus on people in work or business
Environmental- ways in which people influence and are influenced physical environment

5. Consumer- study behavior of shoppers
Forensic- concerned with how psy. problems give rise to criminal behavior
Health- study ways in which behavior and mental processes are related to physical health

6. Wilhelm Wundt Father of modern Psychology First to use laboratory
Developed Introspection: process of looking into yourself

7. William James First American Psychologist
Concerned with the Conscious mind
How humans function and adapt to their environment

8. Sigmund Freud Influenced by things we are not aware of
Influenced by our experiences in early childhood
Three Levels of the Mind
- Id: biological
drives
- Ego: desires vs.
reality
- Superego:
conscious
- Also use free association, dream analysis and Psychoanalysis

9. Sir Francis Galton
Darwin's cousin
Heredity vs. Environment
Developed the first tests and statistical concepts to test abilities
Start of IQ tests

10. Ivan Pavlov Famous Dog Spit experiment
“Conditioned response “ aka “Classical Conditioning”
Pg. 239

12. John Watson

13. John Watson All behavior is the result of conditioning Little Albert
“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, merchant-chief, and yes, even beggar man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.”

14. Association with something pleasurable
Mary Cover Jones
Removal of fears
Association with something pleasurable

15. B.F. Skinner Applied conditioning to society
Reinforcement: control of rewards and punishments

16. Skinner Box

17. Carl Rogers Humanist Fully functioning
conditional and unconditional Positive regard

18. Abraham Maslow
Humanist
Self-actualized

19. Hierarchy of Needs

20. Conducting Research Forming a research question Forming a hypothesis
Testing the hypothesis
Analyzing the Results
Drawing Conclusions

21. Seven Contemporary perspectives in Psychology
Biological: nervous system, glands, hormones, genetic factors
Evolutionary: physical traits, social behavior
Cognitive: interpretation of mental images, thinking, language
Humanistic: self-concept
Psychoanalytic: environmental influences, observational learning
Learning: effects of experiences on behavior
Sociocultural: ethnicity, gender, culture, socioeconomic status

22. Methods of Observation
Testing: measure various elements of human behavior such as abilities, interests, and personality
Case Study: researchers conduct in-depth investigations of individuals or small groups
Longitudinal: group of participants are observed at intervals over an extended period of time
Cross-sectional: researchers compare the differences and similarities among people in different age groups at a given time
Naturalistic-observation: researchers observe the behavior of people or animals in their natural habitats
Laboratory-observation: participants are observed in a laboratory setting

23. Elements of Experimentation
Researchers conduct experiments to learn about cause and effect
Placebo: medicine with no active ingredient, works by power of suggestion
Double-blind study: neither participants nor researchers know which group any subject belongs
Variables: things that change in an experiment
Independent Variable: “If” factor that the experimenter manipulates or changes in a study
Dependent Variable: “Then” the factor in a study that changes or varies as a result of changes in the independent variable
Experimental Group: critical part of the experiment is performed
Control Group: does not participate in the critical part of the experiment

24. Ethics: APA Guidelines
Subjects must always have the right to decline participation in an experiment
Openness and honesty are essential to experimentation
Information obtained about a subject during the course of a study must remain confidential
The experimenter has the duty to asses the possibility of any risk, physical or mental.
Inform participants of any existing risks
Correct or remove any undesirable consequences of participation

25. Spirit of Science Objectivity: nonbiased, open minded
Relativism: “relative” to time and place
Ethical Neutrality: what is, not what ought to be
Skepticism: question everything before accepting
Humility: how little we know, man’s limitations