1. Grammar
SENTENCES – PART 1

2. SENTENCES – PART 1 A SIMPLE SENTENCE has three* things:
The basic sentence, better known as the SIMPLE SENTENCE, is the first of three basic types of sentences.
A SIMPLE SENTENCE has three* things:
Subject
Verb
Complete thought/idea
A SIMPLE SENTENCE is also known as an INDEPENDENT CLAUSE.
NOTE: In today’s lesson we will focus on simple sentences, or sentences that contain only one clause. Later, we will look at sentences that contain more than one clause.
* Four if we include punctuation!

3. Phrases and Clauses
Clause: A clause is a group of words that includes a Subject and a Verb (but not necessarily a complete thought).
i.e. The Walking Dead returns to TV soon! (IC)
When The Walking Dead returns to TV (fragment)
Phrase: a group of words that stand together as a single unit, typically as part of a clause or a sentence. A phrase does not contain a subject and verb and, consequently, cannot convey a complete thought. A phrase contrasts with a clause. A clause does contain a subject and verb, and it can convey a complete idea.
i.e. On top of the dresser.
My best friend

4. VERBS
Every CLAUSE, and every Simple Sentence, MUST contain at least one verb.
There are three kinds of verbs:
ACTION VERBS
LINKING/BEING VERBS
HELPING VERBS*
* Remember: helping verbs ONLY operate in connection with either Action or Linking/Being verbs.

5. VERBS
ACTION VERBS
Action verbs are the most common kind of verb. They tell you what a noun or pronoun is doing.
Carl shot the young man for no real reason.
Rick worked hard to look after his daughter.
The Governor hates Michonne for what she did to his daughter.

6. VERBS LINKING/STATE-OF-BEING VERBS
State of Being Verbs are often called linking verbs because they link the subject of the sentence with information about the subject. Linking verbs also include verbs about the five senses –sight, touch, smell, taste, and sound.
For example:
Is, am, are, was, were, have, be, been, etc.
Look, taste, feel, sound, appear, remain, seem, become, etc.
Zombies are gross!
Zombies, in The Walking Dead, are slow.
The Walking Dead is a show I like to watch.

7. You should have run from the zombie.
VERBS
HELPING VERBS
Helping Verbs come in front of a main verb. They create verb phrases. They are acting in similar way to adverbs in that they modify the main verb.
You should have run from the zombie.
NOTE: “not” and prepositions like “never”, “often”, etc. are not verbs, although they often come in the middle of a verb phrase.
Can
Must/must have
Could/could have
Ought
Do/did
Shall/shall have
Have/had
Should/should have
May/may have
Will/will have
Might/might have
Would/would have

8. BEWARE: NOT VERBS
INFINITIVES Infinitives are verbs with “to” in front of them. They are not verbs. They have to kill the zombies. I want to escape from Woodbury. GERUNDS Gerunds are verbs that end in “-ing”. They are not verbs, although in the textbook they are grouped as verbs. People are sleeping in that house. Infinitives and gerunds are technically NOUNS. Infinitives and gerunds will ALWAYS be accompanied by a main, linking or state-of-being verb.

9. VERB PRACTICE Find the VERBS only
1)We are never invited to their house.
2)I have often wondered why.
3)Vanya is just checking her s.
4)She has always achieved high marks.
5)I have sometimes seen her in the library.
6)The librarians have often asked for my ID.
7)You really should not have tried the hot sauce.
8)They have not always served vegetarian food here.
9)When will they ever learn?
10)Why do you ask?

10. VERB PRACTICE Find the VERBS only
1)We are never invited to their house.
2)I have often wondered why.
3)Vanya is just checking her s.
4)She has always achieved high marks.
5)I have sometimes seen her in the library.
6)The librarians have often asked for my ID.
7)You really should not have tried the hot sauce.
8)They have not always served vegetarian food here.
9)When will they ever learn?
10)Why do you ask?

11. PARTS OF THE SENTENCE: Subjects
Every clause, and every simple sentence, is about someone or something. That someone or something is the SUBJECT.
The SUBJECT of a sentence is always a NOUN or a PRONOUN. There will be many nouns/pronouns in a sentence, but it is important to be able to identify the SUBJECT
Carl shot the young man for no real reason.
Rick worked hard to look after his daughter.
The Governor hates Michonne for what she did do his daughter.

12. TRICKY SUBJECTS
Usually the subject comes first in a clause. There are three occasions where the subject will come after the verb 1. In sentences that begins with “here” or “there”: There are three zombies waiting to come inside. 2. In sentences that are inverted for emphasis: Out of the house came the zombie. 3. In questions: Where are you going with that shotgun? Are three zombies waiting to come inside?

13. TRICKY SUBJECTS COMMANDS
In a command, the subject is suggested rather than stated. It is addressed to someone who is not actually part of the sentence structure.
[ You] Go hide in your room.
Finish looking for water in that store.
Get to bed.
NOTE: Commands do not generally appear in academic writing, but it is important to understand this rule

14. SUBJECT RULE
In a clause that contains “of”, the SUBJECT will always be the noun that comes before a phrase containing “of”. A bouquet of yellow roses will lend color and fragrance to the room. The team of five worked well together.

15. SUBJECT PRACTICE
1)We are never invited to their house. 2)I have often wondered why. 3)Vanya is just checking her s. 4)She has always achieved high marks. 5)I have sometimes seen her in the library. 6)The librarians have often asked for my ID. 7)You really should not have tried the hot sauce. 8)When will they ever learn? 9)Why do you ask? 10) Stop!

16. SUBJECT PRACTICE
1)We are never invited to their house. 2)I have often wondered why. 3)Vanya is just checking her s. 4)She has always achieved high marks. 5)I have sometimes seen her in the library. 6)The librarians have often asked for my ID. 7)You really should not have tried the hot sauce. 8)When will they ever learn? 9)Why do you ask? 10) Stop! (you)

17. PARTS OF THE SENTENCE: Objects
OBJECT: An object is a noun (or pronoun) that is governed by a verb or a preposition. There are 3 kinds of objects: a direct object, an indirect object, and an object of a preposition.

18. PARTS OF THE SENTENCE: Objects
Direct Object: The direct object of a verb is the thing being acted upon (i.e., the receiver of the action). You can find the direct object by finding the verb and asking "what?" or "whom?". For example:
i.e. Rick shot the zombie
Pass the shotgun!

19. PARTS OF THE SENTENCE: Objects
Indirect Object: The indirect object is the recipient of the direct object. You can find the indirect object by finding the direct object and then asking who or what received it.
i.e. Pass Rick the shotgun!

20. PARTS OF THE SENTENCE: Objects
Object of a Preposition: The noun or pronoun after a preposition is known as the object of a preposition. i.e. Rick shot the zombie in the head! Pass Rick the shotgun from the back of the truck!

21. PARTS OF THE SENTENCE: Objects
Note: not every sentence has an Object. Sentences that only have State of Being Verbs don’t require objects.
i.e. The prison is secure.
Zombies are always hungry