1. Preparation for Grammar Quiz #1
Please put these notes in the Grammar section of your notebook.

2. Differentiate Between Pronouns and Adjectives
Reread pages 59-61
The following words are sometimes adjectives, sometimes pronouns
This, that, these, those, whose, what, which, her, his, another, each, either, neither, both, few, many, several, all, any, more, most, other, some, one.
If these words come in front of a noun, they are adjectives. If they come in place of a noun, they are pronouns.
Ex: This cat is furry. (Adj) This is not. (Pro)

3. Pronoun or Adjective? _____ Whose is this?
a) adjective b) pronoun c) neither
_____ Either dress would be good for the ceremony.
_____ Jim’s is the best essay.
_____ I appreciate her help very much.

4. Pronoun or Adjective? _____ Whose is this?
a) adjective b) pronoun c) neither
_____ Either dress would be good for the ceremony.
_____ Jim’s is the best essay.
_____ I appreciate her help very much.

5. Know the Difference Between Adjectives and Adverbs
When you find a modifier, ask yourself, “About what does this tell me more information?”
Ex: She worked hard on the math problem
Does this tell you:
What kind of girl she is?
How hard she worked?
How hard math is?
How hard the problem is?
Since it tells how hard she worked, and “worked” is a verb, then “hard” is an adverb.

6. Definitions
Adjectives - (pg 51-63) A word that modifies a noun. It answers “What Kind?”, “Which One?”, “How Many?”
Articles (“a”, “an”, “the”) are a type of adjective.
Examples: red, seven, big, no, wonderful, this, those, its, Lucy’s, the Richardsons’.
Remember possessive adjectives: my, your, her, his, our, their, its (no apostrophe), Phil’s, the Jones’
Note: if “this, that, these, those” come before a noun, they are adjectives. If they come instead of a noun, they are pronouns.

7. Find the Adjectives Irving Berlin wrote many wonderful songs.
a b c d e
Grabbing their lunches, the twins raced from the house.
a b c d e
The marble statue was pale and dramatic against the dark velvet curtains.
a b c d e
Several books have been written about the last days of Roman power.
a b c d e

8. Find the Adjectives Irving Berlin wrote many wonderful songs.
a b c d e
Grabbing their lunches, the twins raced from the house.
a b c d e
The marble statue was pale and dramatic against the dark velvet curtains.
a b c d e
Several books have been written about the last days of Roman power.
a b c d e
Note: In the third sentence “dark” modifies the “velvet”, making it an adverb.

9. Definitions
Adverbs - (pg 64-69) A word that modifies a verb, and adjective, and another adverb. About ¾ of adverbs end in “ly”.
Some words that are always adverbs: “not”, “never”, “always”, “too”, “well”, “soon”, “later”, “often”, “almost”, “rather”, “quite”, “really”, “very”, “however”, “therefore”, “nevertheless”
Remember, a preposition without a prepositional phrase becomes an adverb.
Ex: “It is too cold”, “She ran rather quickly”, “Let’s go there.”

10. Find the Adverbs
Suddenly the whistle sounded, and the train slowly left.
a b c d e
He was somewhat unwilling to answer our questions.
a b c d e
This trip will be rather dangerous.
a b c d e
The vase was almost completely uncracked.
a b c d e

11. Find the Adverbs
Suddenly the whistle sounded, and the train slowly left.
a b c d e
He was somewhat unwilling to answer our questions.
a b c d e
This trip will be rather dangerous.
a b c d e
The vase was almost completely uncracked.
a b c d e

12. Definition of an Action Verb
“An action verb tells what action a person or thing is performing.”
Ex: Without slipping, the cat walked along the fence.
Ex: A dog appeared and scared the cat away.
Ex: The cat meowed as it ran.

13. Definition of a Linking Verb
The Subject
A Linking Verb connects a noun or pronoun at or near the beginning of a sentence with a word at or near the end.
Ex: Fluffy is quite angry at the dog.
Ex: However, Fido seems undisturbed.
Ex: The cat looks dangerous when upset.
Either a noun or an adjective

14. The Most Common Linking Verb is…
“To Be”
is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been
“be, being, and been” may be used as helping verbs if they are in the middle of a verb phrase.

15. The 12 Other Linking Verbs
Always Linking Verbs
Become
Seem
Appear
Remain
Feel
Grow
Look
Smell
Sound
Stay
Taste
Turn
The rest are
LV or AV!

16. Know the Difference Between Action and Linking Verbs
Reread pages in the Grammar Book
The following verbs are always linking: To Be (is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been), To Seem, To Become.
There are ten verbs that are sometimes action, sometimes linking. There are linking verbs if they act like an “=“.
Feel, Look, Sound, Smell, Taste, Turn, Grow, Remain, Stay, Appear
“Remain, Stay, Appear” are action when they refer to a location. “Remain here”, “Stay home”, “Appear on stage”

17. Know Verb Phrases Read pages 46-48 in the Grammar Book
You will need to be able to find Verb Phrase
A Verb Phrase is an Action or Linking Verb and any Helping Verbs.
Ex: She has been working at the law firm for years.
Do not include any adverbs like “not, never, always, ever, very, really” and –ly words.
Do not include nouns and pronouns.
Remember that in a question, the Helping Verb often is moved to the front of the sentence.
Have you ever gone to Catalina Island?

18. What is a Verb Phrase? A Verb Phrase has more than one verb in it.
There is an Action Verb or a Linking Verb at the end.
All other verbs in the Verb Phrase are Helping Verbs.

19. Definition of a Helping Verb
Helping Verbs are added before another verb to make a verb phrase.
Ex: Fido has been Fluffy’s enemy for years.
Ex: Fluffy would not have liked any dog..
Ex: Should a cat really bother a dog like that?

20. The Helping Verb Song (sung to the tune of Jingle Bells)
Helping Verbs!  Helping Verbs!  There are
Am, is, are!  Was and were!  Being, been, and be!
Have, has, had!  Do, does, did!  Shall, should, will, and would!
There are 5 more helping verbs:  may, might, must, can, could!

21. Why is “to” not your friend?
If “to” comes in front of a Verb, it is part of the Verb.
If “to” comes in front of a noun (or an Adj+Noun), it is a Preposition.

22. What is the “Infinitive Form” of the Verb?
The “Infinitive Form” of the Verb is the unused, unconjugated form.
The verb has “to” in front of it.
It is used as a noun, not a verb.