1. Attachment Theory: What Does It Mean for Children in the System?
Robyn V. Snider, LICSW, PIP

2. Attachment Theory
Attachment theory draws on the work of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth (Shemmings, 2011). Attachment refers to the special bond and the lasting relationships that young children form with one or more adults. It refers specifically to the child’s sense of security and safety when in the company of a particular adult (Wittmer, 2011).

3. Why is attachment important?
Babies are born with a biological drive to seek proximity to a protective adult for survival.
They are dependent on the physical and emotional availability of the key adults who take care of them.
Their relationships with adults are crucial to their trust of other people, their understanding of relationships generally and their feelings about themselves (Simmonds, 2004). The drive for closeness promotes attachment behaviors, which helps children feel safe.

4. How are attachments formed in infancy and beyond?
An infant’s attachment behaviors can attract the caregiver’s attention in a positive way (e.g. cooing, smiling and reaching out), as well as in the form of protest behaviors (e.g. crying and fretting). All these behaviors give strong signals, which lead caregivers to approach and respond to the needs of the baby.
The adults who respond to these attachment behaviors become highly significant and, as a result, selective attachments begin to form from birth and early infancy (Schofield and Beek, 2006).

6. The development of attachment relationships continues throughout childhood and adolescents
:Toddlers – mobility, play and language development provide opportunities to extend attachment relationships to siblings and close adults. 
Pre-school and primary years – securely attached children can think about others’ feelings and manage relationships with their peers. They can manage their feelings and co-operate with others (Schofield and Beek, 2006).
Adolescence- Securely attached adolescents are less likely to engage in excessive drinking, drug use and risky sexual behaviors. They are also likely to have fewer mental health problems. Adolescents benefit from parenting that encourages autonomy but also offers warmth, behavior monitoring, limit setting and negotiation of rules and responsibilities (Moretti and Peled, 2004).

7. Children can form multiple attachments and can also form new attachments at any age. Fostered and adopted children need to learn to trust their new primary caregivers and to develop attachments to them (Schofield and Beek, 2009).

8. Patterns of Attachment
Secure attachment occurs when the child is cared for by sensitive and responsive caregivers. Securely attached children are able to regulate their distress and know they can show their needs and feelings and won’t be rejected. 

9. Insecure avoidant attachment tends to occur when the caregiver finds it difficult to accept or respond sensitively to the infant’s needs. These children tend to experience parenting that is hostile, rejecting and controlling. They come to see themselves as neither loved nor loveable. Children respond to this by shutting down on their feelings because of their anxiety that any display of need or emotion may drive their caregiver away. 

10. Insecure ambivalent attachment tends to occur when the caregiver responds inconsistently to the child’s demands. These children exaggerate their attachment behavior to attract attention. They are not always successful at being noticed and their ambivalence reflects their simultaneous need for and anger with their attachment figure. 

11. Disorganized attachment may occur in children who are cared for by people who are frightening. Children may fear approaching their caregiver because they cannot predict whether they will respond positively (e.g. with cuddles) or negatively (e.g. shouting, smacking). Consequently these children are not able to ‘organize’ their own behavior and have difficulty regulating their emotions. Although only around 15 per cent of children develop this attachment style, up to 80 per cent of children who are maltreated develop disorganized attachments. Not all children who have disorganized attachment will have been maltreated, however (e.g. children on the autism spectrum).
(Shemmings, 2011; Brown and Ward, 2013)

15. Children who are securely attached benefit in a number of ways:
they have higher self-esteem and empathy 
they can deal with stress more effectively 
they have faster memory recall 
they have higher impulse control 
they are reliable and likely to be popular with others (Shemmings, 2011).

16. Maltreatment and Attachment
Attachments are formed during the first year of life, even in the context of maltreatment,
These attachments may be disorganized. The infant seeks comfort from a caregiver who is also the source of fear. As a result, they remain in a state of high anxiety, which can have an impact on brain development (Schofield and Simmonds, 2011).
Maltreated children are likely to have negative expectations of adults and will transfer these expectations and patterns of defensive behavior into new environments (e.g. foster or adoptive families). These children may find it hard to let adults come close enough to establish trusting relationships. However, caregiving that is warm, consistent and reliable can change the children’s previous expectations of close adults and of themselves (Schofield and Beek, 2014).

17. Attachment Restored?
Young children who are removed from harm and provided with secure caregiving are able to form an attachment to their new caregiver. However, this attachment can be compromised if contact with the child’s birth family is not sensitively handled (Schofield and Simmonds, 2011).