1. Unit- III Instincts and Emotions

2. Instincts
The term instinct is derived from the Latin word " instincts'' which means to motivate or instigate
According to Mc Dougal " an instinct is an innate on inherited mental structure which determines its possessor to perform certain specific actions in certain situations"

3. Nature of Instinct → Instinct is a natural and innate tendency
→ Instinctive Behaviour is permanent
→ Instinct is universal
→ Instinct is always purposive
Instincts are psycho-physical disposition
Instincts are modifiable
Intelligence and experience act as guide to instinctive behavior
Instincts are expressed in particular directions according to particular stimuli

4. Instincts according to McDougall
Associated emotions
Combat or pugnacity
Anger
Repulsion
Disgust, hate
Curiosity
Wonder
Submission
Negative self feeling
Food seeking
Appetite
Sex
Lust
Parental care
Tender, emotion, love
Gregariousness
Loneliness
Escape
Fear
Appeal
Distress
Self assertion
Positive self feeling
Constructiveness
Feeling of creativeness
Acquisitiveness
Feeling of ownership
Laughter
Amusement

5. Mc Dougal’s further classification of instinct
Self preservation instincts: pugnacity, repulsion, curiosity, submission, food-seeking, and escape instincts
Race preservation instincts: sex, parental care, acquisitive instinct
Herd instincts: gregariousness, appeal, self assertion, laughter instincts
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6. Modification of instincts
Repression: using a strict rule or policy on the children. E.g. monasteries curbing strictly the sex instincts of the adolescents
Inhibition: opposite instincts is brought into play to weaken the original one. E. g. imposing fine or physical punishment for notorious activities
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7. Substitution: instinctive behavior is substituted by a similar stimuli
Substitution: instinctive behavior is substituted by a similar stimuli. E. g. substituting a pet for a childless mother, acquisition substituted by collecting stamps
Redirection: instinct is redirected to a more feasible and acceptable path E. g. quarrelling child can be selected as a monitor
Sublimation: a process of diverting the instinctive energy into a refined energy which is better approved socially. E. g. unmarried person can engage himself in painting, music etc
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8. Emotion
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Emotion
A state of arousal involving facial and body changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rules.
©1999 Prentice Hall

9. © 1999 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Emotion
Emotions reflect a “stirred up’ state
Emotions have valence: positive or negative
Emotions are thought to have 3 components:
Physiological arousal
Subjective experience
Behavioral expression
© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

10. © 1999 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Taxonomy of Emotion
(Figure adapted from Fischer et al., 1990, p. 90)
© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

11. Characteristics of emotions
Emotion is very brief
Emotion is a form of energy mobilization
Emotions are associated with instincts
Emotion has a behavioral aspect
Emotions are associated with motivation
Emotions may be primary or secondary
Emotions are flexible
Emotions are a complex affective state
Emotions have a wide range
External situations produce emotions
Every emotion is accompanied by a certain physiological or bodily change
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12. Neuropsychology of Emotion
Dual processing of emotions:
Activation of the amygdala produces visceral responses
Cortical activation allows for use of memory in understanding emotional stimuli
(Figure adapted from LeDoux, 1986, p. 329)
© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

13. Two-factor Theory of Emotion
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Two-factor Theory of Emotion
Physiological arousal
Sweaty palms
Increased heart rate
rapid breathing
Cognitive Label
Attribute source of arousal to a cause
To have an emotion, both factors are required
Figure 9.11 from:
Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
Schachter, S. (1964). The interaction of cognitive and physiological determinants of emotional state. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 1, New York: Academic Press.
©1999 Prentice Hall

14. Emotion
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The Physiological Component A Historical Perspective James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Emotion arises from physiological arousal
Happiness comes from smiling
Sadness comes from crying
Figure 9.2 from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
©2001 Prentice Hall

15. James-Lange Theory of Emotion
© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

16. Emotion
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The Physiological Component A Historical Perspective Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Emotion originates in the thalamus
“Body” (physiological systems) and “Mind” (emotional experience) are independently activated at the same time
Figure 9.3 from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
©2001 Prentice Hall