1. Chs. 1 & 2: Early Man to Early Civilizations
Prehistory to 450 B.C.

2. Early Man Key Terms Culture – people’s unique way of life
Hominid – early upright beings
Artifact – man made object from previous cultures
Mary Leakey – discoveries in E. Africa that led to a better understanding of early man.
Donald Johanson – found “Lucy in Ethiopia 3.5 millions years old
Paleolithic – Old Stone Age – Hunter and Gatherer
Neolithic – New Stone Age – Faming (also called Agricultural Revolution)
Technology – ways of applying knowledge to meet needs

3. Homo habilis – earliest man, used primitive tools
Homo erectus – walked upright (not the first) and used fire
Homo sapiens – modern humans, means “wise man”
Neanderthals – not ancestors of modern man, tried to explain and control their world, practiced religious beliefs, used stone scrappers and other tools to survive. They vanished about 30,000 years ago.
Cro-Magnon – physically identical to modern man, superior hunting strategy helped them survive. They developed a spoken language

4. Early Man Key Terms
Slash and Burn – cutting and burning fields to clear and fertilize
Domestication – taming of animals
Artisans – skilled workers who make goods by hand
Scribes – professional record keepers
Cuneiform – Mesopotamian wedge shaped writing
Civilization – a complex culture with the following
Advanced Cities of Trade
Specialized Workers
Complex Institutions
Record Keeping
Advanced Technology

5. Early Man Key Words
Bronze Age – use of bronze rather than copper and stone for tools and weapons.
Barter – exchange of goods/services without the exchange of money
Ziggurat – pyramid shaped monument housing the temple of the city

6. Early Man Overview
Prehistory is the period before written records. The earliest people’s history is based on evidence compiled and studied by a variety of scientists such as
archaeologists – study artifacts
anthropologists – study culture
paleontologists – study fossils
Together these scientists have determined, based on the evidence available, how early man lived.

7. Timeline of History

8. Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age)
Early Man Overview
Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age)
Nomadic
Hunter-gatherer
Primitive tools
Cave art

9. Early Man Art
Early Art Gives Clues To
Nature
Environment
Human Living

10. Early Man Overview Neolithic Age (New Stone Age)
Began about 10,000 years ago
From hunter-gatherer to farming
Agricultural Revolution
Permanent dwellings
Villages→Cities→Civilizations

11. Civilization Brings Change
Economic
irrigation→crop surplus→trade
Social
Complex economy required cooperation and labor of many people
Social class system developed
Religion became organized →

12. CH 2: RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS

13. EARLY RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS
MESOPOTAMIA – Sumerians on the Tigris/Euphrates
NILE – Egyptians on the Nile
INDUS- Indians on the Indus & Ganges Rivers
CHINESE-Yellow (Huang He) /Yangtze

14. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION

15. MESOPOTAMIA
The Fertile Crescent was the arch of land that provided some of the best farming in southwest Asia.
Silt from flooding provided rich new soil which brought surplus harvests, with enormous quantities of wheat and barley. Problem: the flooding was unpredictable!
Sumerians – first civilization
Irrigation – more crop production= more trade
Establishment of city-states
Trade = cultural diffusion
Polytheistic (worshipped many gods)
Advanced –number system, bricks, columns, ramps

16. CITY - STATES
Each city and the surrounding land it controlled formed a city-state.
A city-state functioned much as an independent country does today.
Sumerian city-states included Uruk, Kish, Lagash, Umma, and Ur.
The center of all Sumerian cities had a ziggurat

17. MESOPOTAMIA SARGON ofAkkad, defeated the city-states of Sumer.
Created the first empire
Brought together various groups & cultures
Last about 200 years, declined due to infighting, invasions & famine.
Hammurabi – ruler of Babylonian Empire.
- first written code of laws to unify the diverse people
- the code applied to all people, but not all people equally (282 specific laws compiled from common law)

18. MESOPOTAMIA
Known for cuneiform writing

19. NILE RIVER CIVILIZATION
Valley

20. NILE Est. about 3,000 years ago Along the Nile River in Egypt
Flooding provided fertile soil for abundant crops
Lower Nile – from the area where the Nile splits and fans out to Mediterranean Sea
Upper Nile – from 1st cataracts to the area where the river splits
Transportation and trade between the Upper & Lower Nile to the cataracts

21. NILE
Ruled by pharaohs
Theocracy- government & religious leaders the same
Pyramid builders
Upper & Lower kingdoms united by Menes
Written language – hieroglyphics
Social classes not locked
Invaded and conquered by Hyksos

22. INDUS RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATION

23. INDUS Located on the Indian subcontinent
Supported by the Indus and Ganges
Protected by Hindu Kush & Himalaya Mountains
Climate dominated by monsoons
River flooding supported abundant crop yields

24. INDUS Built planned cities Indoor plumbing-
Houses alike indicated few class distinctions
Toys – leisure time
Few weapons
Uncertain – the fall of the Indus River Civilization could have been disaster, invasions or a combination

25. CHINESE Supported by the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers
Silt of China – loess produced abundant crops
Because of geography – less trading than other river valley civilizations
Early leaders (Shang dynasty) built palaces and had written language
Society divided between ruling nobles and peasant farmers
Family closely linked to religion

26. CHINESE CIVILIZATION
Supported by the Yellow & Yangtze Rivers

27. CHINESE
Belief in the spirit of ancestor’s power to determine events in life
Use of oracle bones
Writing system had no connection to the spoken language
Specialized in weapons, jewelry and bronze. Also known for silk work.
Rulers worked under Mandate of Heaven which became central to the Chinese view of government.