1. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND MUTATIONS

2. DNA Replication DNA is in the form of a double- helix.
DNA gets split and each old
strand of DNA acts as a template
to make a new strand of DNA.

3. Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis occurs in four steps:
Transcription – DNA is copied into mRNA
mRNA is edited
mRNA leaves the nucleus
Translation – mRNA is read and a protein is made

4. What is RNA? RNA is different from DNA in 3 ways
1) The sugar in RNA is Ribose where in DNA it is Deoxyribose
RNA = Ribonucleic acid
2) RNA is usually single stranded; DNA is double stranded
3) RNA includes the nucleotide
Uracil INSTEAD of Thymine
A – U G-C

5. 3 types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Carries the genetic code from the DNA, out of the nucleus, to the ribosomes, where it then attaches to the ribosome.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
RNA found inside of the ribosomes that make up their structure, and reads the mRNA via codons.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
RNA that carries the amino acids into the ribosomes to make a protein.

6. Protein Synthesis Step 1: Transcription-Copy DNA into mRNA
Step 2:mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosomes
Step 3: Ribosomes read the mRNA and hook on the correct amino acid

7. Mistakes can OCCUR!!! Mistakes in the DNA are known as mutations.
Not all mutations are necessarily bad, but many are detrimental (harmful)
Two Types of Mutations
Chromosomal mutations-large pieces of the DNA
***You’ll learn more about this one in highschool
Gene mutations-Individual nucleotide errors
***This will be the only one we are covering!

8. Deletion
When a base is left out, it is known as a deletion.

9. Insertion
When an extra base is added, it is known as an insertion.

10. Substitution
When the wrong base is used, it is known as a substitution.
This is the most common type of mutation.