1. Systematic conservation plan for cambodia
Tamlyn cloete
Student Number:
ESS 333 practical
Faculty OF ARTS
November 2018
Please use this template to answer your Practical Exam Question. Ensure you have YOUR STUDENT NUMBER on the Title Page and this PowerPoint file is renamed to reflect your student number and the country you analysed. The completed PowerPoint needs to be put onto a computer and you attach your name to the computer. The data includes that downloaded from IUCN Red Data List, DIVA GIS, WWF Ecoregions, Protected Planet, and ESRI. You may add images but please credit/attribute them using an in-text numbering system and a reference list on the final page.
BCB/ESS
Kingdom of Cambodia

2. Introduction location
Map showing cities countries surrounding Cambodia
Introduction
Prepare a location map using your GIS with a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a figure caption. Your map should include neighbouring countries and their Capital cities. please include an overview map.

3. Biodiversity description andthreats
Cambodia's biodiversity is largely founded on its seasonal tropical forests, containing some 180 recorded tree species, and riparian ecosystems. There are 212 mammal species, 536 bird species, 240 reptile species, 850 freshwater fish species, and 435 marine fish species recorded by science. Much of this biodiversity is contained around the Tonle Sap Lake and the surrounding biosphere
Introduction
Cambodia is one of the most biodiverse countries in Southeast Asia. Biodiversity supports Cambodians ecologically, economically and culturally. 
Biodiversity Description: In summarized point form describe the country's biodiversity capital (assets) and threats to its biodiversity conservation. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO EXPLAIN THIS SECTION.

4. Threats to Cambodia’s biodiversity conservation
Over-exploitation
Illegal hunting, over-fishing or over-collecting of a species can quickly lead to its decline. Unsustainable exploitation of forest and wetland resources reduces benefits for humans and habitats for wildlife
Habitat loss and destruction
This is one of the greatest threats to biodiversity. Habitat loss is directly linked to human pressures on land, for example through illegal mining or logging.
Climate Change
Both climate variability and climate change cause biodiversity loss. Changes in rainfall and flood cycles put species at risk and threaten human livelihoods unless they can adapt to changing conditions.
Pollution and contamination
Pollution and contamination cause irreversible damage to species as plastic waste and chemicals build up in rivers, lakes and soils.

5. CURRENT PROTECTED AREAS
Methods
These are maps displaying the current protected areas of Cambodia, the one on the left displaying the protected areas as one colour, and the one on the right displaying the protected areas with individual colours.

6. CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors
Methods
This is a map showing the distribution of shrub cover, deciduous in Cambodia. I think this is suitable to conserve for Cambodia seeing as one of the country’s biggest threats is deforestation. I think that 40% of this natural land cover should be conserved, because it is important to conserve natural vegetation. A species penalty factor of 10 would have been used if Marxan was run in Idrisi.

7. This is a map showing the distribution of shrub cover, evergreen in Cambodia. I think this is suitable to conserve for Cambodia seeing as one of the country’s biggest threats is deforestation. I think that 40% of this natural land cover should also be conserved, because it is important to conserve natural vegetation. A species penalty factor of 10 would have been used if Marxan was run in Idrisi.

8. This is a map showing the distribution of tree cover, broadleaved, deciduous in Cambodia. I think this is suitable to conserve for Cambodia seeing as one of the country’s biggest threats is deforestation. I think that 50% of this natural land cover should be conserved, because it is important to conserve natural vegetation, especially tree cover. A species penalty factor of 10 would have been used if Marxan was run in Idrisi.

9. This is a map showing the distribution of tree cover, regulary flooded, fresh water in Cambodia. I think this is suitable to conserve for Cambodia seeing as one of the country’s biggest threats is deforestation. I think that 50% of this natural land cover should also be conserved, because it is important to conserve natural vegetation. A species penalty factor of 10 would have been used if Marxan was run in Idrisi.

10. This is a map showing the distribution of water bodies in Cambodia
This is a map showing the distribution of water bodies in Cambodia. I think this is suitable to conserve for Cambodia, because water is essential for human survival, and by conserving it we are saving the future generations from catastrophe. I think that 60% of this natural land cover should be conserved, because it is important to conserve water sources. A species penalty factor of 10 would have been used if Marxan was run in Idrisi.

11. This a map showing the distribution of the species Megophrys Auralensis. I would conserve 50% of this species and give it a species penalty factor of 10 if Marxan were to be run in Idrisi.

12. This a map showing the distribution of the species Hylarana Faber
This a map showing the distribution of the species Hylarana Faber. I would conserve 50% of this species and give it a species penalty factor of 10 if Marxan were to be run in Idrisi.

13. This a map showing the distribution of the species Philautus Cardamonus. I would conserve 50% of this species and give it a species penalty factor of 10 if Marxan were to be run in Idrisi.

14. This a map showing the distribution of the species Chiromantis Samkosensis. I would conserve 50% of this species and give it a species penalty factor of 10 if Marxan were to be run in Idrisi.

15. This a map showing the distribution of the species Ophyryne Synoria
This a map showing the distribution of the species Ophyryne Synoria. I would conserve 50% of this species and give it a species penalty factor of 10 if Marxan were to be run in Idrisi.

16. CONSERVATION planning units (ecological)
Methods
I created this Ecological planning units map in Arc View, by taking the ecoregions and the admin outline of the country and selecting “clip one theme”. I did the same with the waterbasins and the admin. Thereafter I selected union of two themes and used the layers I have just made. This gave me the above seen map.

17. CONSERVATION planning units (Systematic)
Methods
I prepared this Systematic Conservation Planning Units map (hexagons) in Arc View by using the “repeating shapes” function.

18. CONSERVATION planning tenure Evaluating Protected areas
Methods
Prepare a Conservation Planning Tenures Map to ASSESS the efficiency of the EXISTING Protected Area Network: This needs to be prepared as a SINGLE ANNOTATED map which should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS.

19. CONSERVATION planning Explaining Marxan
Methods
Prepare a Conservation Planning Tenures Map to ASSESS the complement (what needs to be added) to the EXISTING Protected Area Network: This needs to be prepared as a SINGLE ANNOTATED map which should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS.

20. Systematic CONSERVATION planning Explaining Marxan
Core concepts of Marxan
COMPLEMENTARITY
REPRESENTATION
Methods
SPATIAL COMPACTNESS
EFFICIENCY
ADEQUECY
Use this slide and simple drawings or flow diagrams to explain the core concepts of MARXAN. You should not use the IDRISI dialogue boxes. Ensure you use proper annotation and include a descriptive caption.

22. Systematic CONSERVATION planning Explaining Marxan
Boundary length modifier: 2
Repeat runs: 1000
Species missing if proportion of target lower than: 0.95
Run mode: Apply simulated annealing followed by iterative improvement
Annealing controls
Number of iterations:
Temperature decreases: 1000
Iterative improvement type: normal iterative improvement
Cost threshold
Threshold Enabled
Threshold: 1600
Penalty factor A: 9
Penalty factor B: 2
Starting proportion is 0
RUN MARXAN
Methods
In summarized point form describe the parameter options you should select for the final RUN of the MARXAN analysis. You may use dialogue boxes to explain this section. (You do not need to run MARXAN as it would take too long to do the runs).
These are the parameters which should be set when running Marxan. The disturbed tenure file should be used to run Marxan in Idrisi.

23. Expected Results Systematic CONSERVATION planning
Results obtained when running Marxan in Idrisi would include two maps, one displaying the summed solution, and the other showing the best solution. One should focus on the best solution.
A table of results will also be generated, stating how much was conserved with the current parameters set.
Expected Results
I would expect that about 8 of my species have been conserved, with the parameters set as previously mentioned. And I think that if 8 species/ conservation features were conserved, that that is a success.
Explain using Diagrams the results you would expect to obtain from MARXAN. They do not need to be the actual results rather the form of the MARXAN outputs you would expect. You may use more than one slide to prepare this section.

24. Sources of data, attribution and acknowledgements
Watts, Matthew & Stewart, Romola & Martin, Tara & Klein, C & Carwardine, Josie & Possingham, Hugh. (2017). Systematic Conservation Planning with Marxan / _13.
References
Ensure you provide full credit to source of information, Programs used, and referencing/attribution of referenced material. You may use more than one slide to prepared this section.