1. 5-5: Sectionalism
1820s-1850s

2. Learning Objectives
POL 3.0 Explain how different beliefs about the federal government’s role in U.S. social and economic life have affected political debates and policies.
MIG 1.0 Explain the causes of migration to colonial North America, and later, the United States, and analyze immigration’s effects on U.S. society.
MIG 2.0 Analyze causes of internal migration and patterns of settlement in what would become the United States, and explain how migration has affected American life.
WXT 2.0 Explain how patterns of exchange, markets, and private enterprise have developed, and analyze ways that governments have responded to economic issues.

3. Key Concept
Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities.

4. Rise of Sectionalism Panic of 1819 Oversupply of cheap British goods
U.S. industry suffered
Tariffs raised prices
Inflation
Credit tightened
Business slump
Economic depression
Most severe in west
New region with heavy speculation
Economic dependency
Least severe in south
Less banking
More agriculture

5. Rise of Sectionalism Missouri Crisis
1819—Missouri applied for statehood
Slavery well-established
NY Congressman proposes abolition
Southern senators in uproar
Deadlock—even number of slave/free states
Missouri Compromise
Balance in Senate maintained
Missouri—slave
Maine—free
36º30’ line for Louisiana Territory
Defuses slavery issue

7. Rise of Sectionalism The South Goals Cotton Kingdom Low tariffs
No internal improvements
Low-priced land
Cotton Kingdom
Eli Whitney—cotton gin
Cotton profitable
Increase in textile manufacturing
Increase in demand for slave labor and westward expansion
Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin made it possible and profitable to harvest short-staple cotton. Rich new farmland in the Deep South was opened to the cultivation of cotton. By 1850, the geographic center of slavery was moving southward and westward.

8. Rise of Sectionalism The North The West Goals
High protective tariffs
Expensive land to keep workers from migrating
Internal improvements
The West
Low-priced land to encourage settlement
Advancement of Agriculture
Eli Whitney—cotton gin, interchangeable parts
Cyrus McCormick—mechanical reaper
John Deere—steel plow