1. Chemistry of Life

2. Matter Matter-anything that takes up space and has mass
All matter is made up of atoms
Atoms may also join together to make up everything on our planet

3. Physical properties of matter
Can be observed and measured without changing the identity of the matter
Examples: mass, volume, color, odor, shape, texture, taste, melting, boiling

4. Chemical properties of matter
Its ability to change into another substance
It is permanently altered
Examples- burning anything, rusty nail

5. Phases or states of matter
Solid, liquid or gas
Determined by temperature
High temperature has more energy,
atoms move faster and are farther apart
Low temperature has less energy, atoms move slower and are closer together

6. Atoms, elements
Atoms are the basic unit of matter, the smallest particle possible that is still that substance
Atoms are too small to see with the eye or light microscopes

7. Atom structure: made of 3 particles
Proton
Positive
Found in nucleus
Neutron
Neutral
Electron
Negative
Orbits the nucleus

8. Electrons are found in energy levels
1st level holds 2 electrons
2nd level holds 8 electrons
3rd level holds 8 electrons
4th level holds 8 electrons
Some levels have sublevels but it is considered full with 8 electrons

9. Atomic number Tells the number of protons in an atom
Atoms of one element will always have the same number of protons

10. Atomic mass Tells the number of protons and neutrons together
Electrons are not counted because they are too small
To figure out the number of neutrons you subtract atomic number (protons) from mass number

11. Example: Oxygen has an atomic # of 8 an atomic mass of 16
Therefore oxygen has 8 protons
16-8 = 8 neutrons
If atom has no charge then the pluses and
minus are equal so oxygen has 8 electrons

12. Elements All one type of atom 92 occur naturally on the earth
A symbol is used for each one (usually 1 or 2 letters)
Names are usually from Latin or Greek
O = oxygen C = carbon Ag = silver
N = nitrogen He = Helium Au = gold

13. Periodic table of the elements
A chart that arranges the atoms by size, chemical properties and the # of electrons

14. Compounds, bonds, reactions
Compounds-2 or more elements combine to form a new substance. It is written with a formula
Formulas tell the kind and number of atoms present
Examples H2 O H2 SO C6 H12 O6

15. Bonds are how atoms join together.
Chemical Bond
Bonds are how atoms join together.
Bonding occurs at the outside level of electrons.
Atoms will join with other atoms in order to have a full outside level.

16. Ionic bond-a transfer of electrons from one atom to another
The atoms are charged and are called ions
It is a weak bond and broken easily
Example: table salt
One atom of sodium joins to one atom of chlorine
sodium has 1 e- on outside, it transfers it to the chlorine
Na Cl

17. Covalent bond-two atoms share their electrons
Covalent bond-two atoms share their electrons. This is a very strong bond.
Example-water
oxygen has 6 e-
hydrogen has 1 e-
By sharing their electrons each atom fills up their outside level

18. Reaction-when substances combine to form new substances
Reactants-what is present before the change occurs
Products-what is present after the change
reactants  products
Na + Cl  NaCl

19. Water, solutions 75% of the earth’s surface is water
It is the most abundant compound in living things
Properties of water:
Water is a polar molecule. This means it has a charge on it. This allows water to dissolve other substances well.

20. solution-one substance is dissolved in another substance
solvent-substance that does the dissolving
water is the best solvent
solute-the thing that is dissolved

21. Cohesion-water’s ability to cling to itself
Adhesion-water’s ability to cling to other substances
These create capillarity and surface tension

22. Hydrophilic-applies to things that like water
Hydrophobic-applies to things that hate water

23. Acids, bases, pH scale
Acid-gives off H+, tastes sour, conducts electricity, dissolves metals
examples: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4
the hydrogen is usually written first
Base: gives off OH-, tastes bitter,
feels slippery
examples: NaOH, KOH
the hydroxide (OH) is usually written last

24. pH scale measures the concentration of H+
it goes from 0 to 14
each number is 10 times the concentration

25. pH has an effect on living things
H+ is very reactive and is part of many compounds in the body. The pH levels in the body must be kept at certain levels. This is done with buffers that maintain homeostasis

26. Neutralization combining an acid and a base of equal strength
forms salt water
example
acid + base --> salt + water
HCl + NaOH --> NaCl + H2O

27. Organic molecules Organic compounds contain carbon
carbon forms 4 covalent bonds-it is very stable and used to make many important molecules in the body.

28. Polymerization-process of making large molecules by joining small ones
monomer-small molecules
polymer-large molecule made of a chain of smaller molecules

29. #1- Carbohydrates Carbohydrates-commonly known as sugars and starches
atoms used: C, H, O
monomer (monosaccharide): single sugar
Polymer (polysaccharide):huge chains of sugars

30. plants: store long chains of sugar as either starch or cellulose
animals: store long chains of sugar called glycogen in their liver

31. The role of carbohydrates:
sugars are the main source of energy,
they are stored until needed in long polymers

32. #2-Lipids Lipids are fats, oils, waxes atoms used: C, H, O
monomer-fatty acid and glycerol
role in the body: energy, cushion body tissues, insulate

33. Unsaturated fat-has less hydrogen (means there are double bonds on the carbon)
Saturated fat-full of hydrogen (no double bonds)

34. #3-proteins and enzymes
Role in the body-Proteins are used to build body tissues (blood, skin, muscle, nerves). They are also hormones, enzymes, pigments, antibodies
atoms used: C, H, O, N
monomer: amino acids

35. There are 20 different amino acids
There are 20 different amino acids. They are linked together in different chains and orders to make all the thousands of proteins found in your cells.

36. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts
catalysts are things that make reactions go faster
the thing they work on to join or break apart is called the substrate

37. Lock and key theory: an enzyme has an active site that fits the molecule exactly. It does not fit any other substance.
The enzyme can only do one job but it can do that job as fast as 1000 times per second.

38. #4-nucleic acids Nucleic acids: commonly known as DNA and RNA
atoms used: C, H, O, N, P
Monomer: nucleotide ( a combination of a sugar, a phosphate and a base)
These are stacked on top of each other and across from each other to form a molecule that is 3 billion units long
role: contains the genetic information for making the organism

39. Structure: DNA is built like a ladder that is twisted.
(Called a double helix)

40. DNA bases: A = adenine T = thymine C = cytosine G = guanine S -A-T- SP P S S
-G-C- P P S
-C-G- S P P S S
-T-A-

41. RNA bases A = adenine U = uracil C = cytosine G = guanine S -A P S -U

42. Differences in DNA and RNA:
different sugars used in each
DNA has 2 sides, RNA has one
DNA uses thymine, RNA uses uracil